Systems and methods for distributing and viewing electronic documents

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to systems and methods for distributing and viewing electronic documents. In one embodiment, the invention provides a system for distributing electronic versions of printed documents comprising a memory device and a distribution system. The memory device is in operable communication with a content provider and stores at least one electronic document file that is based at least in part on a source electronic document provided by the content provider, wherein the source electronic document is an electronic version of a printed document. The distribution system is in operable communication with the memory device and is programmed for responding to requests from a client for delivery of an electronic document file, retrieving a copy of the requested electronic document file from the memory device, assigning at least one right to the copy of the electronic document file, the right defining the scope of at least one action capable of being be performed on at least a portion of the copy of the electronic document file, encrypting the copy of the electronic document file with a key based at least in part on the identity of the client and on the at least one right, and providing the copy of the electronic document file, with the associated key, to the client.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the priority of U.S. ProvisionalApplication Serial No. 60/215,683, entitled “Electronic magazineSystem,” filed Jun. 30, 2000, the contents of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Embodiments of the invention generally relate to devices,systems, and methods for permitting a user to acquire content and viewthe content on a viewing device, such as the screen of a computer. Moreparticularly, the invention relates to systems and methods fordistributing viewing electronic documents that provide a user with theability to view pages of a document, such as such as a magazine, in aformat that looks the same as the conventional printed version of thedocument and which permit the user to interact with portions of thosepages in ways that may not be possible with the conventional printedversion of the document.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] A huge quantity of printed magazines, newspapers, and books arewidely distributed in the traditional paper format. In addition to usinglots of paper to manufacture these products, the distribution (i.e.,shipping, transportation, and display) of books, magazines andnewspapers consumes a lot of resources as well. The readers of many ofthese publications, such as newspapers and magazines, discard themshortly after the user is done reading them, thus adding to the burdenof waste disposal.

[0004] With the increased growth and popularity of the Internet, manypublishers have been turning to distributing their publications inalternate formats, such as in online format, and/or via media such ascompact disk read only memories (CD-ROMS). With this technique, a usercan instead read the publication on the screen of his or her personalcomputer (PC). At the present time, however, despite the availability ofsuch publications, consumers have been slow to accept reading from acomputer screen. In response to the lukewarm response by consumers,makers of personal digital assistants (PDA) devices such as the Palm IV(available from Palm, Inc., 5470 Great America Parkway, Santa Clara,Calif.) and of electronic books (E-books) such as the ROCKET EBOOKand/or SOFTBOOK (available from NUVOMEDIA, Inc., 310 Villa Street,Mountain View, Calif.) have attempted to provide devices and systemsthat attempt to more closely simulate the experience of reading anactual book. These devices are small and lightweight, like most books,magazines, and newspapers, but still do not provide the same experienceas reading all of these types of publications. Because the screen sizeon the PDA's and ROCKET EBOOKS is relatively small, it is difficult toput an entire page of a newspaper or magazine on the screen of either ofthese devices. In addition, neither device permits the reader to see theentire page exactly as it appears in the conventional publisheddocument. Also, these devices have low resolution and use proprietarysoftware and or proprietary Internet-based language requirements.

[0005] Another disadvantage of such devices is that publications madeavailable on such devices must be translated and recomposed for theirscreens and systems. The ROCKET EBOOK, for example, calculates pages foreach book depending on the font style, size and page orientation chosen.Because these factors make paging relative, the same book on differentROCKET EBOOK with different settings will have different page numbers.This feature, while acceptable for publications such as novels, is lesssatisfactory for publications having tables of contents, such asmagazines and other periodicals. In addition, the page layout, colors,arrangement, illustrations, and even advertisements, form an integralpart of the magazine's enjoyability and the convenience of the readingexperience. These devices do not provide this type of experience duringuse.

[0006] One device that attempts to provide the experience of having thesame format for reading books is called the EVERYBOOK, manufactured byEVERYBOOK, Inc., 2300 Vartan Way Harrisburg, Pa. The EVERYBOOK devicesuse existing print files from publishers and display them exactly asthey would appear in print. One device offered by this manufacturer,called the EB Journal, offers full-page dual-screens, a color display,and provides storage for up to 200 fully illustrated reference books or2,000 novels on each secure, removable storage card. To acquire content,users of the EVERYBOOK devices communicate directly with the contentprovider.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Although some devices and systems such as the EB Journal might beable to enable users to read books in a format that approximates the waythe book looks in print, such devices and systems do not enhance thereader's experience by taking full advantage of the capabilities nowoffered by wireless and cellular technology or the interactivecapabilities inherent in reading a document electronically. In addition,known devices, systems, and methods do not provide users with anexperience that replicates some of the most desired aspects of usingconventional printed publications, such as tearing out pages, markingand/or “dog-earring” a page, or passing the magazine along to anotherreader. In addition, most users want to view entire pages at once, withthe pages having an appearance, layout, and quality similar to that ofthe printed paper publication. Many users also want to be able to viewopposing pages to a given page at the same time as viewing a given page(as they can with a conventional magazine).

[0008] In one aspect, the present invention provides systems and methodsfor distributing and viewing electronic documents, such as magazines,periodicals, books, etc., which closely simulate the experience ofreading the printed counterparts.

[0009] The invention relates to systems and methods for distributing andviewing electronic documents. In one embodiment, the invention providesa system for distributing electronic versions of printed documentscomprising a memory device and a distribution system. The memory deviceis in operable communication with a content provider and stores at leastone electronic document file that is based at least in part on a sourceelectronic document provided by the content provider, wherein the sourceelectronic document is an electronic version of a printed document.

[0010] The distribution system is in operable communication with thememory device and is programmed for responding to requests from a clientfor delivery of an electronic document file, retrieving a copy of therequested electronic document file from the memory device, assigning atleast one right to the copy of the electronic document file, the rightdefining the scope of at least one action capable of being performed onat least a portion of the copy of the electronic document file,encrypting the copy of the electronic document file with a key based atleast in part on the identity of the client and on the at least oneright, and providing the copy of the electronic document file, with theassociated key, to the client.

[0011] Embodiments of the invention can include the following. In oneembodiment, the at least one right relates to the scope of at least oneaction capable of being performed by the client receiving the copy ofthe electronic document file, such as annotating, copying, printing,forwarding, editing, highlighting, tabbing, storing, and making at leasta portion of the electronic document file available to another client.In one embodiment, the electronic document file stored in the memorydevice includes at least one element that was not present in the sourceelectronic document, such as audio information, video information,textual information, graphic information, and links to locations on acomputer network. In one embodiment, the system further comprises aconversion module in operable communication with the memory device, theconversion module transforming the source electronic document into theelectronic document file.

[0012] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method forviewing electronic documents. A request is sent for an electronicdocument file to a server, the request associated with a given user. Anelectronic document file is received, the electronic document fileencrypted by a key uniquely associated with the user, wherein the keyincludes at least one right defining how the user can use the electronicdocument file. The electronic document file is displayed to the user,and the user is permitted to interact with the electronic document filein accordance with the at least one right.

[0013] Additional embodiments include the following. In one embodiment,the step of permitting user interaction with the electronic documentfile further comprises treating facing pages of document as single pagefor the purposes performing operations on the page. In one embodiment,information is recorded relating to the user's usage of the electronicdocument file, such as the user's readership of the file and/or theuser's passing along of at least a portion of the file to anotherclient.

[0014] In one aspect, at least one embodiment of the invention providesa system that is usable with a device for “reading” the electronicdocument. In one embodiment, the device for reading is an electronicdevice such as a general purpose computer. In one embodiment, the deviceis a portable wireless device such as an electronic book reader device.The systems, methods, and devices of the present invention also enableusers to access and acquire content, such as electronic magazines andother periodicals, via a data server in communication with publishers ofthe document, content providers, or a computer network such as theInternet. In at least one embodiment, the systems and methods of theinvention enable users to seamlessly interact with the displayeddocument, providing features similar to conventional printed documents,such as realistic page turning, page tear-out, page marking, andpass-along to others. In at least one embodiment, the invention providessystems and methods for reading an electronic document that go beyondthe capabilities of conventional printed documents, such as interactionwith advertisers, embedding links, audio, video, and further informationwithin the document, tracking of readership, and the like.

[0015] In another embodiment, the invention provides a system fordistributing an electronic version of a printed document, comprisingmeans for storing at least one electronic document file, means forreceiving a request for a copy of the electronic document file from aclient, means for encrypting a copy of the electronic document file, andmeans for distributing the encrypted copy of the electronic documentfile. The means for storing at least one electronic document file storesan electronic document file based at least in part on a sourceelectronic document provided by a content provider, where the sourceelectronic document is an electronic version of a printed document.

[0016] The means for encrypting a copy of the electronic document fileencrypts the copy of the electronic document file with a key defining atleast one right associated with the client that sent the request and isin operable communication with the means for storing and the means forreceiving. The right defines at least one action capable of beingperformed on at least a portion of the copy of the electronic documentfile. The means for distributing the electronic document file is incommunication with the means for encrypting and provides a copy of theencrypted electronic document file and the key to the client requestinga copy of the electronic document file.

[0017] Additional embodiments of the invention may include thefollowing. In one embodiment, the system further comprises a means forconverting the source electronic document into an electronic documentfile. In one embodiment, the system further comprises a means forreading the electronic document file.

[0018] In another aspect, a system implemented in accordance with atleast one embodiment of the invention includes a reader, a data servermodule, and a data converter module. The data converter modulecommunicates with content providers, such as publishers, to receivedocument layouts (e.g., magazine layouts) that correspond to the actualprint versions of the published document. The data converter moduleconverts the received document layout information to an enhanceddocument having a predetermined format such as the portable documentformat (PDF). This format matches the format of the images and text asthey appear on the magazine pages. In at least one embodiment, theenhanced document format adds additional information, such as links, tothe document. The data server module communicates with the reader tosend that actual content (e.g., magazines), updates to content, andother requested information, to the reader. The user of the reader usesthe reader to read the magazine. The reader communicates with the dataserver module to receive content and send communications from the userand user information, including requests to purchase or subscribe to aparticular periodical. The reader can also provide the data server withmagazine usage and/or readership information.

[0019] In at least one embodiment, the reader is embodied on a computingdevice that uses two color liquid crystal display (LCD) screens toprovide an electronic magazine system having the “look and feel” of aconventional magazine. The device does not require a keyboard for theuser to transmit information to the data Server. Instead, softwarerunning on the device displays onscreen buttons that permit the user totouch the buttons to send messages and communicate with the data Server(e.g., send messages, select magazines to receive, “dog ear” aparticular page being read, add a bookmark, tear out pages—virtually anyaction that the user can do with a conventional printed paper magazine).As will be described herein, in at least one embodiment, the systems andmethods of the invention provides additional enhancements for users thatare not available or possible with the conventional printed magazineexperience. For example, by touching predetermined parts of thedisplayed page, the user can indicate that he or she wants to receiveadditional information relating to some part of the page, wants specificinformation relating to the particular area he or she is touching, orthat the user wants to purchase a product or service offered for sale(which is being touched) via the publication. For example, in anembodiment, a user can, using just the wireless reader device, easilyand instantly place an order for any product or service advertised inthe magazine by an advertiser capable of receiving electronic order fromthe data server module.

[0020] In at least one embodiment, the electronic magazine systemincludes a hard wired local area network (LAN) link to the reader toallow rapid updating of content or access to archived back issues. Inaddition, the electronic magazine system provides wireless data transferto enable real time e-commerce transactions in response toadvertisements.

[0021] Embodiments of the invention may provide other advantages andfeatures such as:

[0022] Drag and Snap panning of display.

[0023] Targeting and immediate fulfillment of direct marketing offers.

[0024] Seamless 2 page spread display and navigation.

[0025] User interactions to support electronic commerce in digitalmagazines and catalogs.

[0026] Subscription reminder/checker for periodic content.

[0027] Instant delivery of print layout version of content.

[0028] Read/Browse interaction for reading digital material.

[0029] Automatic page determination for article clipping.

[0030] Functionality based on rights of content components

[0031] Pass along tracking

[0032] Usage tracking, which may be tied to page and/or content, andwhich can occur offline

[0033] Page clipping function

[0034] Business process to publish digital content in print layout form

[0035] Subscription management, including payment

[0036] Subscription or single copy purchase at a single location.

[0037] Unique page turn animation that includes images of front and backof pages, dynamic shadowing & realistic animation

[0038] Digital rights management at the object (picture, article, etc.)level

[0039] Seamless integration of multimedia elements (audio, animating,video) into the electronic document.

[0040] A “newsstand” purchase, download & read concept

[0041] An overall system architecture that includes a licensing server,consumer database, subscriber database, circulation database andjournaling (capturing magazine usage data.)

[0042] Addition of page, magazine plus page and web site hyperlinks tomagazine pages

[0043] Automatic detection of in-article URL's and hyperlinking

[0044] Page tearing animation including page or article images andrealistic animation

[0045] Read Mode animation—zooming in to article to read in detail

[0046] Magazine pass-along including adding original end-user'slicensing information to ZNO file and adding new end-user's licensinginformation

[0047] A proprietary (“ZNO”) file format

[0048] Real-time anytime anywhere broadband wireless communication.

[0049] Legibility as good as paper magazine.

[0050] Browse (flip pages) and specific page access modes (infohierarchy)

[0051] Open standard data format

[0052] User's magazine experience is not diluted by extra functionality

[0053] Details relating to this and other embodiments of the inventionare described more fully herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0054] The advantages and aspects of the present invention will be morefully understood in conjunction with the following detailed descriptionand accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0055]FIG. 1 is an illustration of a computer system in which at leastone embodiment of the present invention can be embodied.

[0056]FIG. 2 illustrates an overview of a system according to oneembodiment of the invention;

[0057]FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating some of a user's interactionswith the reader of FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention;

[0058]FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating some of the reader'sinteractions with the system of FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodimentof the invention;

[0059]FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method for creating adigital magazine file, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

[0060]FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method for enrolling a userto the system of FIG. 2, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

[0061]FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a method for updating a user'scomputer system, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

[0062]FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a method for obtainingelectronic documents to be read, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention;

[0063]FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a method for accessing anelectronic document to be read, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

[0064]FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating a method for passing along acopy of an electronic document, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention;

[0065]FIG. 11 is a screen shot depicting an example third party screenfor downloading an electronic magazine, in accordance with an embodimentof the invention;

[0066]FIG. 12 is a screen shot depicting an example depicting thedownload screen for the third party screen of FIG. 11, in accordancewith an embodiment of the invention;

[0067]FIG. 13 is a screen shot depicting an example of an electronicmagazine downloaded for reading, in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention;

[0068]FIG. 14 is a screen shot depicting the features available using asystem implemented in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

[0069]FIG. 15 is a screen shot depicting a two-page browsing layout ofthe electronic magazine of FIG. 13, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention;

[0070]FIG. 16 is a screen shot depicting a two page reading layout ofthe electronic magazine of FIG. 13, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention;

[0071]FIG. 17 is a screen shot depicting a single page browsing layoutof the electronic magazine of FIG. 13, in accordance with an embodimentof the invention;

[0072]FIG. 18 is a diagram of an electronic magazine system implementedin accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

[0073]FIG. 19 a block diagram of a reader device, in accordance with oneembodiment of the invention;

[0074]FIG. 20 is a visual representation of a reader device implementedin accordance with one embodiment of the invention; and

[0075]FIG. 21 is a block diagram of the organization of the softwarerunning on the reader device, in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention;

[0076] The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis insteadgenerally being placed upon illustrating the principles of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0077] As used herein, the Internet refers at least to the worldwidecollection of networks and gateways that use the transmission controlprotocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) suite of protocols to communicatewith one another. The World Wide Web (WWW) refers at least to the totalset of inter-linked hypertext documents residing on hypertext transportprotocol (HTTP) servers all around the world. As used herein, the WWWalso refers at least to documents accessed on secure servers, such asHTTP servers (HTTPS), which provide for encryption and transmissionthrough a secure port. WWW documents, which may be referred to herein asweb pages, can, for example, be written in hypertext markup language(HTML). As used herein, the term “web site” refers at least to one ormore related HTML documents and associated files, scripts, and databasesthat may be presented by an HTTP or HTTPS server on the WWW. The term“web browser” refers at least to software that lets a user view HTMLdocuments and access files and software related to those documents.

[0078] Systems and methods in accordance with the invention can beimplemented using any type of general purpose computer system, such as apersonal computer (PC), laptop computer, server, workstation, personaldigital assistant (PDA), mobile communications device, interconnectedgroup of general purpose computers, and the like, running any one of avariety of operating systems. In some embodiments, systems and methodsimplemented in accordance with the invention may incorporate and/or beusable with readers and reading devices capable of reading electroniccontents, such as “electronic books,” tablet and notebook computers andscreens, and the like. An example of a general-purpose computer system10 usable with at least one embodiment of the present invention isillustrated in FIG. 1.

[0079] Referring briefly to FIG. 1, the general purpose computer system10 includes a central processor 12, a main memory unit 14 for storingprograms and/or data, an input/output controller 16, a network interface18, a display device 20, one or more input devices 22, a fixed or harddisk drive unit 24, a floppy disk drive unit 26, a tape drive unit 28,and a data bus 30 coupling these components to allow communicationtherebetween.

[0080] The central processor 12 can be any type of microprocessor, suchas a PENTIUM processor, made by Intel of Santa Clara, Calif. The displaydevice 20 can be any type of display, such as a liquid crystal display(LCD), cathode ray tube display (CRT), light emitting diode (LED), andthe like, capable of displaying, in whole or in part, the outputsgenerated in accordance with the systems and methods of the invention.The input device 22 can be any type of device capable of providing theinputs described herein, such as keyboards, numeric keypads, touchscreens, pointing devices, switches, styluses, and light pens. Thenetwork interface 18 can be any type of a device, card, adapter, orconnector that provides the computer system 10 with network access to acomputer or other device, such as a printer. In one embodiment of thepresent invention, the network interface 18 enables the computer system10 to connect to a computer network such as the Internet.

[0081] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that computer systemsembodying the present invention need not include every element shown inFIG. 1, and that equivalents to each of the elements are intended to beincluded within the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, thecomputer system 10 need not include the tape drive 28, and may includeother types of drives, such as compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM)drives. CD-ROM drives can, for example, be used to store some or all ofthe databases described herein.

[0082] In at least one embodiment of the invention, one or more computerprograms define the operational capabilities of the computer system 10.These programs can be loaded into the computer system 10 in many ways,such as via the hard disk drive 24, the floppy disk drive 26, the tapedrive 28, or the network interface 18. Alternatively, the programs canreside in a permanent memory portion (e.g., a read-only-memory (ROM))chip) of the main memory 14. In another embodiment, the computer system9 can include specially designed, dedicated, hard-wired electroniccircuits that perform all functions described herein without the needfor instructions from computer programs.

[0083] In at least one embodiment of the present invention, the computersystem 10 is part of a client-server system, in which a client sendsrequests to a server and a server responds to requests from a client.That is, the computer system 10 can be either a client system or aserver system. In one embodiment, the invention is implemented at theserver side and receives and responds to requests from a client, such asa reader application running on a user computer.

[0084] The client can be any entity, such as a the computer system 10,or specific components thereof (e.g., terminal, personal computer,mainframe computer, workstation, hand-held device, electronic book,personal digital assistant, peripheral, etc.), or a software programrunning on a computer directly or indirectly connected or connectable inany known or later-developed manner to any type of computer network,such as the Internet. For example, a representative client is a personalcomputer that is x86-, PowerPC.RTM., PENTIUM-based, or RISC-based, thatincludes an operating system such as IBM.RTM, LINUX, OS/2.RTM. orMICROSOFT WINDOWS (made by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash.) andthat includes a Web browser, such as MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER,NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR (made by Netscape Corporation, Mountain View,Calif.), having a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and support for applicationplug-ins or helper applications. A client may also be a notebookcomputer, a handheld computing device (e.g., a PDA), an Internetappliance, a telephone, an electronic reader device, or any other suchdevice connectable to the computer network.

[0085] The server can be any entity, such as the computer system 10, acomputer platform, an adjunct to a computer or platform, or anycomponent thereof, such as a program that can respond to requests from aclient. Of course, a “client” can be broadly construed to mean one whorequests or gets the file, and “server” can be broadly construed to bethe entity that downloads the file. The server also may include adisplay supporting a graphical user interface (GUI) for management andadministration, and an Application Programming Interface (API) thatprovides extensions to enable application developers to extend and/orcustomize the core functionality thereof through software programsincluding Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programs, plug-ins, servlets,active server pages, server side include (SSI) functions and the like.

[0086] In addition, software embodying the present invention, in oneembodiment, resides in an application running on the computer system 10.In at least one embodiment, the present invention is embodied in acomputer-readable program medium usable with the general purposecomputer system 10. In at least one embodiment, the present invention isembodied in a data structure stored on a computer or a computer-readableprogram medium. In addition, in one embodiment, the present invention isembodied in a transmission medium, such as one or more carrier wavesignals transmitted between the computer system 10 and another entity,such as another computer system, a server, a wireless network, etc. Thepresent invention also, in an embodiment, is embodied in an applicationprogramming interface (API) or a user interface. In addition, thepresent invention, in one embodiment, is embodied in a data structure.

[0087] For the purpose of explanation, embodiments of the presentinvention will be discussed in connection with the example of systemsand methods associated with distributing, procuring, accessing, reading,subscribing to, sharing, viewing, and/or storing electronic magazines.It should be understood, however, that the foregoing explanation of theembodiments of the present invention is equally applicable to othertypes of electronic documents as well, such as books, newspapers,periodicals, reports, papers, brochures, catalogs, manuals, and thelike, as well as with other types of actions that can be taken withthese documents.

[0088]FIG. 2 illustrates an overview of the architecture of arepresentative system 50 implemented in accordance with one embodimentof the invention. The system 50 includes a pre-press data store 54, aproprietary pre-press service 56, a magazine data store 58, a magazineencryption and distribution service 60, a commerce service 61 (e.g., anelectronic commerce (ecommerce) service), a circulation service 62, acirculation database 64, a users database 66, an update service 67, apass-along service 68, a pass-along database 70, a magazine usagedatabase 72, a transaction database 73. a magazine usage service 74, anda reporting service 75. Each service in the system 50 (e.g., themagazine encryption & distribution service 60, the e-commerce service61, the circulation service 62, the update service 67, the pass-alongservice 68, the magazine usage service 74, and the reporting service75), in one embodiment, is capable of controlling its respective servicefunctions and responding to requests from the other services, and/or thereader 78, the retail transaction service 76, catalog order systems 79,79′, and/or the 3^(rd) party retailer 77′. In at least one embodiment,at least one of the services includes a processor.

[0089] The system 50 receives publications, such as magazines, from apublisher's pre-press 52. The publications are encoded in a documentformat such as the Portable Document Format (PDF), available from ADOBESystems of San Jose, Calif. After converting these publications to aproprietary format, which is described herein, and after applyingappropriate circulation and encryption operations, as described herein,the publications are made available to users who can view and/or readthe publications using the reader 78, described herein. In at least oneembodiment, the publications, after conversion and encryptions, areprovided to third parties, such as a retail transaction service 76,which can then act as a provider for users using the reader 78.

[0090] The publisher's pre press 52 represents, in at least oneembodiment, entities such as current publishers of print magazines,which typically supply their layouts in PDF, Quark or other well-knownpublishing program formats. In current (conventional printed) magazineproduction, the publisher's pre press 52 typically receives originalartwork from clients and publishers (e.g. advertisers, agencies, etc.),and scans the artwork at low resolution (72 dots per inch (dpi) to highresolution (300 dpi). The publisher creates a composite page comprisingthe low-resolution artwork from the pre-press 52, plus text, graphics,and formatting, which results in a file format such as Quark. Thepre-press 52 then converts the composite file to a raster imageprocessor (RIP) file, such as tagged image file format (TIFF or TIFF-IT)or desktop color specification (DCS-2) format, a format used, forexample, to exchange bitmap images between pre-press applications,substituting high resolution images for low resolution images. Thepre-press 52 then sends the RIP file to a printer, where the plates aremade from the RIP file, then the file is printed.

[0091] The pre-press data store 54, is a storage system, such as adatabase, that stores publications from publishers in their existingdocument (e.g., PDF files). These publications are generated by thepublisher's pre-press house 52, but they also may be generated byanother source capable of providing a publication in the requisite inputformat.

[0092] To be compatible with the conventional publisher pre-pressprocess described above, in at least one embodiment, the presentinvention uses at least one of the following techniques for generatingthe PDF files.

[0093] In one embodiment, PDF files stored in the pre-press data store54 are derived “live” with low resolution pictures by taking the filesdirectly from the publisher, such as QUARK files, then creating the PDFfile from the Quark file. One advantage of this method is that theproprietary pre-press service 56 need only deal with the publisher, butone disadvantage is that the pictures can sometimes have poorer qualitythan those created using other methods.

[0094] In one embodiment, prior to PDF generation, a high resolutionpicture is substituted for a low resolution picture by taking the Quarkfiles directly from the publisher, taking a high resolution picture froma publisher pre-press system 52, substituting the high resolutionpicture for the low resolution picture, hen creating the PDF file. Oneadvantage of this method is that the pictures may be of better qualitythan with the low-resolution technique (in fact, this method often willproduce the best quality pictures), but one disadvantage is that moreparties may be involved in the creation of the file, which can increasethe time that the process takes.

[0095] In one embodiment, prior to PDF generation, a pre-press systemgenerates a medium resolution picture for use by the publisher prior tothe publisher's creating a PDF or Quark file. Then, the proprietarypre-press service 56 takes the Quark/PDF file directly from thepublisher and creates a file in a proprietary format, such as ZDF fromit. One advantage of this method is that the picture quality is betterthan the low-resolution method, but not as good as the high-resolutionmethod. Two disadvantages are that this method creates extra work forthe pre-press system and that the “medium” level resolution can vary fordifferent publications because of different sized pages.

[0096] Referring again to FIG. 2, the proprietary pre-press service 56(which, by way of example is shown in FIG. 2 as a “Zinio pre-press”) isa service that manages access to publisher PDF files as they areconverted into a proprietary data format. In at least one embodiment,the proprietary pre-press service 56 acts as a data converter andorganizer, which converts files stored in the pre-press data store 54 toa digital picture format and adds the interaction elements to create theelectronic magazine of the invention. In at least one embodiment, theproprietary pre-press service 56 also organizes information provided bythe publisher and transmitted to the user (e.g., updates, subscriptioninformation, offers for new services and publications, and the like).

[0097] By way of example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, thepublisher PDF files are converted to a format called Zinio data Format(ZDF). In one embodiment, this is done by adding data to the PDF filethat the reader 78 will interpret in a pre-determined way. For example,certain data added will permit the reader 78 to link a given document toan audio or video file. In this example, the ZDF format is similar tothe PDF format in that the on-screen electronic document will look“exactly like” the conventional printed paper version of the document,but the ZDF format differs from the PDF format in that the ZDF formatpermits more interaction elements that appear in the document. Forexample, in the ZDF format, readers of the document can click on variousareas of the document to hear audio files, interact with advertisers, godirectly to web links, get additional information, etc. Referring againto FIG. 2, the magazine data store 58 stores ZDF files, ready forencryption by the magazine encryption and distribution Service 60.

[0098] The magazine encryption and distribution service 60 is a servicethat interfaces with the reader 78 to validate the user, conduct thecommercial transaction, and determine which magazine to deliver. Inaddition, the magazine encryption and distribution service 60 performsthe encryption process to convert a ZDF file into a ZNO file (thisprocess is explained more fully herein).

[0099] The commerce service 61 of the system 50 manages the commercetransaction requests from the reader 78 and interfaces with 3^(rd) partyretailers 77 and/or catalog order systems 79, 79′, to manage orders onbehalf of the user of the reader 78. The catalog order systems 79, 79′are systems owned by catalog companies that are used to receive andprocess orders. The commerce service 61 enables the user of the reader78 to order and/or obtain further information about manufacturers and/orgoods appearing in the magazines that the user browses/reads using thereader 78. These features are explained more fully herein.

[0100] The circulation service 62 is a service that generates variousreports from the circulation database 64. The circulation database 64stores circulation information for billing, auditing and other reportingpurposes. The circulation service 62 also provides data to the reportingservice 75.

[0101] The users database 66 stores user information regarding themagazine issues the user has downloaded and the keys for thosedownloads. The user's individual key is also stored here.

[0102] The update service 67 updates the configuration of the reader 78when the user enters the “newsstand” area of the reader 78. The updateservice 67 is explained more fully herein in connection with FIG. 7.

[0103] Pass along refers to the practice of one user “passing along” hisor her copy of a magazine. Pass-along is a key practice in the magazineindustry, and at least one embodiment of the invention supports thepractice of sharing magazines. For example, this is accomplished byusing the keys that were assigned when the files were downloaded. Thepass-along service 68 receives pass-along requests and determineswhether an access key should be sent. If access is granted, thepass-along service 68 also encrypts the key for transmission to thereader 78. The pass-along database 70 stores access rights pertinent toeach issue for reference in determining pass-along access. Pass-along isexplained more fully herein. The pass-along database 70 stores accessrights pertinent to each issue for reference in determining pass-alongaccess.

[0104] The magazine usage database 72 stores usage data collected fromthe reader 78, and the magazine usage service 74 collects magazine usagedata from the reader 78.

[0105] The reporting service 75 has access to the users database 66, thecirculation database 64, the pass-along database 70, and magazine usagedatabase 72. The reporting service 75, when requested by another entity(e.g., a client, which can, for example, be a publisher) generatesreports from information stored in these databases. In at least oneembodiment of the invention, the reporting service 75 gathers data fromthe various databases in the system 50, including the users database 66for demographics, and aggregates the data into various reports. Forexample, the reporting service 75 can generate reports based ininformation in the circulation database 64 to satisfy a publisher'saudit reporting requirements. In at least one embodiment, the reportingservice 75 works with one or more of the other services in the system 50(e.g., the circulation service 62, the magazine encryption anddistribution service 60, the pass-along service 68, and/or the magazineusage service 74) to gather specific data relating to the reading of themagazines (e.g., advertisement responses and orders). This is discussedmore fully herein.

[0106] The retail transaction service 66 is a service at a third partyretailer that handles the commercial transaction for the purchase of amagazine and then requests the download file from the magazineencryption and distribution service 60 for delivery to the user. Forexample, a third party retailer such as AMAZON.COM can host a retailtransaction service 66.

[0107] The 3^(rd) party retailer 77 represents a system owned by a3^(rd) party retailer to receive and process orders, and to provideinformation, as requested.

[0108] The reader 78 (which is labeled in FIG. 2 by way of example onlyas a “Zinio reader”) includes client software that provides the userinterface into the system as well as access to the documents. In atleast one embodiment, the reader 78 functions are accomplished byrunning client software on a general purpose computer (such as the onedescribed previously). In other embodiments, the reader 78 functions areaccomplished by running client software on any device capable ofdisplaying the magazines in a readable format, such as a dedicatedelectronic book reading devices. For example, future versions of devicessuch as the SOFTBOOK family of devices (available from GEMSTAR E-book ofRedwood City, Calif.), which have the requisite display and processingpower, can be used to run the reader 78. In at least one embodiment, thesystem 50 employs one or more of the following security features. Forexample, communication links such as with components outside of thesystem 50 and/or the reader 78 occur over a secure channel, such asdirect lines, virtual private networks (VPNs), or secure sockets layer(SSL) links. Internally, databases that contain sensitive userinformation (e.g., credit card numbers) are encrypted, such as at thefield level. In at least one embodiment, only those data elements thatare sensitive are encrypted. This can allow quicker access to therecords in the databases. In another example embodiment, access tointernal servers and databases is secured by firewalls and through thelimited use of trusted hosts.

[0109] In one embodiment, physical access to the servers and databasesis be regulated. For example, in one embodiment, individual access tomachines and applications requires login ID's and passwords. In at leastone embodiment, biometric security devices are used for authenticationand/or identification. In some embodiments, intrusion tests areconducted to determine any unforeseen vulnerabilities.

[0110] As described herein, using the system 50 shown in FIG. 2, alongwith a reader 78 programmed to interact with the system 50, users canaccess and acquire content, such as electronic magazines and otherperiodicals, and seamlessly interact with the content they acquire. FIG.3 is a flow chart illustrating, at a high level, some of a user'spossible interactions with the reader 78 of FIG. 2, in accordance withan embodiment of the invention. For example, users can get the magazinethey want to read (step 80) in ways similar to those used withconventional printed magazines: via subscription, single copy purchase,from a user's archive of magazines (e.g., like an electronic “bookshelf”or “magazine rack”), or even after a magazine has been passed along fromanother user.

[0111] After acquiring the magazine (step 80), a user reads and/orbrowses the magazine (step 82) on the screen of the device running thereader 78 (e.g., on the screen of a computer, a PDA, an “electronicbook” reading device, etc.). In accordance with an embodiment of theinvention, in addition to reading the document in a manner similar toreading a conventional magazine, the user is able to perform other“conventional” functions, such as clipping articles (step 84), markingor tabbing (also referred to as “dog ear”) pages (step 86), and flippingpages with realistic animation (step 88). The user also is able toperform “non-conventional” functions that go beyond the capabilities ofconventional printed documents, such as interacting with advertisersand/or ordering products (step 90), viewing animations associated withthe magazine and/or content therein (step 92) and utilizing links (step94) to view other content, web sites, files (including audio and videofiles), information, etc.

[0112] As with many conventional magazines, the user can pass along themagazine, or at least a portion of it, to another user/reader (step 96),if desired and allowed. Unlike conventional magazines, however, in someembodiments of the invention, the rights associated with the magazinepermit the original user to still have access to at least a portion ofthe magazine even though the magazine (or at least a portion of it) hasbeen passed along to another. In at least one embodiment of theinvention, however, when a user passes along a magazine or a portion ofthe magazine, the user loses access to what was passed along. Ifdesired, the magazine is stored in an archive (step 98) for futureaccess, reading, and browsing.

[0113] To accomplish some of the actions shown in the flowchart of FIG.3, the reader 78 interacts with the system 50 of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is aflow chart showing, at a high level, the types of interactions that areader 78 has with the system 50, along with other actions the reader 78may take, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Note thateach of the actions shown in FIG. 4 is explained in greater detail inthe examples and figures described herein.

[0114] Referring to both FIG. 2 and FIG. 4, to begin the interaction, auser goes to an area of the reader 78 called a “newsstand” (newsstandsare explained more fully herein). When the reader 78 determines that theuser has entered the newsstand area (step 155), the reader 78 connectsto the system 50. If usage information is available (e.g., about themagazines that that the user has viewed), the reader 78 provides thatinformation to the magazine usage service 74 (step 160). For example, inthe embodiment of FIG. 2, the reader 78 (which by way of example only iscalled a “Zinio Reader”) sends a file called a “Zinio Magazine Usage”(ZMU) file to the magazine usage service 74. As explained furtherherein, if the user has not previously viewed any magazines, or if thisis the first time that a user is entering the newsstand, the reader 78may not have usage information to provide to the magazine usage service74.

[0115] If the reader 78 requires updating, the reader 78 gets updatefiles from the update service 67 (step 165). The system 50 then providesto the reader 78, through the magazine encryption and distributionservice 60, access to at least one magazine in the magazine data store58. If the user wants to purchase the magazine (or to get a copy of themagazine, if the user has a subscription), the user selects it (step170), and the magazine is provided to the reader 78, so that the reader78 can display it (step 175). For example, in the example embodiment ofFIG. 2, the magazine is provided in a proprietary format called a ZNOfile.

[0116] While the user is reading the magazine, the reader 78 tracksusage (step 180), such as which articles were browsed, which were read,which were skipped, how long a user spent on an article, whether anarticle was torn out, whether an article was re-read, etc. In at leastone embodiment of the invention, to address privacy concerns, the reader78 does not record personally identifiable information as part of themagazine usage data and the user is free to view the log of magazineusage data.

[0117] If the user wants to order a product or contact a retailer, thereader 78 communicates the information to the commerce service 61 (step183), which contacts the retailer on behalf of the user.

[0118] If the user wants to pass the magazine along to another entity(e.g., to an organization or to another user), the reader 78communicates the pass along information to the pass-along service 68(step 185). If the user wants to store or archive the magazine, thereader 78 archives the magazine in a location designated by the user(step 190). The steps of FIG. 4 can be repeated (step 190) if the userwants to read/browse additional magazines, whether from the newsstand orfrom the archive (step 200).

[0119] Having outlined the features that at least some embodiments ofthe invention provide, the operation of the system 50 and the reader 78is now discussed in greater detail, in accordance with an exampleembodiment of the invention.

[0120]FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method for creating adigital magazine file, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 5, the process for getting filesinto the magazine date share starts when a PDF file is received at (orentered into) the pre-press database (step 210). The PDF file representsthe printed version of the magazine at the desired resolution fordisplay purposes. For example, as described previously, the publisher'spre-press house, a third party pre-press house, or a proprietarypre-press service may generate these files. Regardless of the source,the PDF files are stored in the pre-press data store 54 (step 215).

[0121] The proprietary pre-press service 56 then uses the files from thepre-press data store 54 to create the proprietary data format (e.g.,ZDF) files by adding links and other metadata consistent with the finalproprietary (e.g., ZNO) data format (step 220). Initially, anapplication such as ADOBE ACROBAT is used, in one embodiment, tomanually create the links. In some embodiments of the invention,however, the system 50 uses a more automated process. One suchembodiment automates the generation of data according to the proprietaryZDF format, based on input from a user that is unaware of the details ofthe format, using tools that describe the desired outcome. Oneembodiment takes a data file from the content provider describing thelink (e.g., location on page and target) and data to be associated withthe links, and programmatically creates the links in the ZDF file. Oneembodiment utilizes search engines to scan the contents of the originalfile for certain keywords that are specified in at least one other datafile and create links to content/targets specified in the other datafile that are associated with the keywords. The resulting proprietarydata format file (which for purposes of example is a PDF file) is thenstored in the magazine data store(s) 58.

[0122] In one embodiment, a draft final proprietary file in theproprietary final file format (which, for purposes of example, is called“ZNO”) is created to allow the publisher to review the document forquality control (steps 235 through 235). In addition, in an embodiment,magazine preview files, if required (step 235), are also created at thispoint from the publisher's PDF file (step 255). The preview filecontents can, for example, include the cover, the table of contents, andone or two pages from a lead article. The size of the preview filetypically is not as large as that of the magazine file (e.g.) less than500K bytes.). The preview file is associated or linked to the main filefor the magazine (step 250).

[0123] When the system 50 puts the ZDF files in the magazine data store58, the following activities occur. The issue of the magazine isassigned an IssueID (step 255). In addition, records of the issue(called “IssueID record) are created and initialized in the circulationdatabase 64 and the magazine usage database 72 (step 260). Records ofthe issue also may be created and initialized if desired, in thepass-along database 70, and set to desired predetermined values. In oneembodiment, the publisher of the magazine may provide desiredinformation for the IssueID record in the pass-along database 70. Atthis time, the magazine industry has yet to standardize on the formatfor transferring the digital version of magazines, so a variety of dataformats now exist for the various elements of a magazine. There are alsovariances between the publishers and publications. To get the PDF filethat starts the process, according to one embodiment of the invention, aconversion process is tailored to each publication, to bring eachpublication online.

[0124] In one embodiment, to support functions that may requiresynchronization across hardware located in various time zones, GreenwichMean Time (GMT or UCT) is the time base used in the system of FIG. 2.Where appropriate, UCT is translated into the local time. In at leastone embodiment of the invention (not shown), the system 50 uses atimeserver, with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)timeservers as backup. In this embodiment, the timeserver of the system50 gets its synchronization from the NIST timeservers. The time issynchronized as frequently as necessary.

[0125] In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the core ofits digital distribution is controlling how the contents of the digitalfiles are used, allowing access to authorized users in a mannerconsistent with the rights granted to the user and denying access tounauthorized users. However, the rights management process of theinvention can change depending on the digital rights management (DRM)selected for use with the system 50. The following describes an examplerights management system in used accordance with at least one embodimentof the invention.

[0126] Controlled access to the digital content of the magazine filesrelies on the encryption algorithm used and the management of the keysused for the algorithm. In one embodiment of the system 50, content isencrypted with user keys, not hardware keys. In one embodiment, to meetexport requirements for international use, the key length is limited to64 bits.

[0127]FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method for enrolling a userto the system of FIG. 2, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention. When signing up via the reader 78 (steps 265 and 267), eachuser is assigned an internal userID number (step 255) that the userdoesn't see. In this embodiment, because the user's electronic mail(“email”) address is used as the user login, this allows a user tochange email addresses and still access the user's archived issues(archiving is explained more fully herein). The user login, password,userID and userID key (explained below) are stored in an encrypted userfile on the reader 78 (note that the reader 78, in some embodiments ofthe invention, comprises an application providing the reader 78functionality, which application is running on a computer or otherdevice ).

[0128] The next time the user logs in, the userID is retrieved from thefile to open the various magazine files. When the user logs into a PCthat is not aware of the user, the reader 78 goes online and verifiesthat the user is a valid user, at which time the user login, password,userID and userID Key are retrieved from the system server and added tothe PC's encrypted user file. In one embodiment, when a user changes hisor her email address for logging in, the process requires logging intothe system server, so that the encrypted user file will be updated whenthe email login is updated system.

[0129] On the system server, each userID is associated with a table inthe user database (step 280). Table 1 is a representative exampleshowing what the table in the user database contains: TABLE 1 userID KeyuserID (for Issue Key encryption) IssueID Issue Key Pass Along Downloadcount count for issue IssueID Issue Key Pass Along Download count countfor issue

[0130] Referring to Table 1, the IssueID's are the identifiers for theissues the user has purchased. For example, assuming an average of 20magazines/month *12 months/yr. *75 years=18,000 issues on average/user.Thus, for example, Table 1 is constructed and arranged to account forstorage and organization of this many issues for a given user.

[0131] In some embodiments of the invention, the “user” of the system 40is not a single user, but rather a group of users (e.g., situationswhere there is group or corporate access). In at least one embodiment,group/corporate access, is more of a billing issue rather than a rightsmanagement issue. In one example, each member of a group opens themagazine individually rather than sharing a user login/password, so thatan accurate circulation count can be achieved. In that example, eachuser account is associated with a group billing account. This alsosimplifies usage of the reader 78 by the user because the user does nothave to logout and log back in when going between personal and groupmagazines.

[0132] Referring again to FIG. 6, an encrypted user file is created tostore the user login, password, user ID, and UserID Key (step 300) andthe encrypted user file is stored on the device being used as a reader78, such as the user's personal computer, electronic book reader, PDA,etc., (step 310).

[0133] The file encryption and the encryption algorithm used, in atleast one embodiment, depend on the digital rights management (DRM)system being used. Examples of DRM systems usable with the inventioninclude DRM systems made by ADOBE (e.g., Intertrust), CONTACT GUARD (ofBethesda, Md.), SEALED MEDIA (United Kingdom), MICROSOFT (Redmond,Wash.), and the like. Each issue of a magazine that a user has access tois associated with a key which is used to encrypt the file for transportto and storage on the reader 78 that the user is using. This key is thenencrypted with the userID key for delivery to the reader application sothat the reader 78 can open the magazine file when offline. In oneembodiment, for the occurrence where the same key is used for the sameuser but for different issues, some random data that is later ignored isadded to the key files. In one embodiment, the keys are 64 bits long.Those skilled in the art recognize, however, that the size of the keycan vary, and may be expanded (for example to 512 bytes) to allow forfuture key expansions and to add noise to the files.

[0134] Using the two keys as defined may provide advantages to thesystem 50. For example, using the two keys as defined means that apass-along copy can be accessed by just sending the download file keyencrypted with the userID key of the new user. Thus, if the downloadfile key is compromised, the download file key cannot be used on otherfiles. In addition, a person “cracking” someone else's userID key wouldonly be able to access those files accessible to the user whose userIDkey was cracked. Moreover, those issues would then have to be convertedback into a standard format like PDF in order to be used. The sameresult would occur if an intruder determined the user login name andpassword. Thus, in at least one embodiment of the invention, “cracking”the userID key of a given user requires physical access to the reader 78or other device (e.g., personal computer) on which the user has loggedin before. Note that the userID key and subsequent issue keys cannot beused to open other issues or compromise other users.

[0135] Table 2 lists the keys in use and the locations of the keys inthe system 50, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. TABLE2 Reader System UserID Key Encrypted Clear Local users file Userdatabase IssueID Key Encrypted Clear Issue Key file User database

[0136] When transferring the UserID key from the system 50 to the reader78, in one embodiment of the invention, an SSL connection is used tomaintain a minimal level of security. The transfer of the IssueID can beeither a secure or unsecure connection, depending on whether or notpayment transactions were involved.

[0137] Once the content is secured, the various elements in the file aremanaged based on simple rights associated with each element in the file.Table 3 shows representative example of rights and elements contemplatedin accordance with an embodiment of the invention. TABLE 3 Print Tearfor Sharing Editorials Yes/No Yes/No Graphics Yes/No Yes/No PicturesYes/No Yes/No Advertising Yes/No Yes/No

[0138] Referring to Table 3, if the rights (e.g., print and/or tear) arenot granted for a particular magazine element, that functionality isdisabled for the specified magazine element. For example, a given set ofrights for a given magazine may give user the right to printadvertising, but not pictures or graphics. Those skilled in the art willrecognize that rights other than printing or tearing (e.g., saving as aseparate document, “cut and paste” type copying of portions of themagazine into another electronic document, modification of content), andthe like, may or may not be spelled out for a given magazine.

[0139] In one embodiment, a publisher may require (via, for example,auditing requirements) that the electronic magazine being provided haveits elements displayed with the exact same layout as the print versionof the magazine. In this embodiment, the presence of the magazineelement in the digital file assumes that the right to display themagazine elements in the original page layout has been granted.

[0140] In one embodiment, functions such as screen capture and printscreen functionalities are not controlled at the application level.These functions may be operating system functions, and disabling theseor other operating system functions may involve intercepting operatingsystem calls when the application is running.

[0141] After the reader 78 has been enrolled with the system 50, thereader 78 can be used to visit the system 50, such as via a website, toacquire content and/or update applications running on the reader 78. Inaddition, in at least one embodiment, the system 50 is accessible to thereader 78 via a remote station, such as a terminal or “Kiosk” locatedat, for example, an airport. Each of these functions is describedherein.

[0142] The system 50 notifies the reader 78 if an update is availableand permits the reader 78 to update the software if necessary. Forexample, some reasons for updating the reader 78 are to add newfunctionality and/or correct previous functionality. In an embodiment ofthe invention, functionality changes can come in three types; fileformat changes, service interface changes and reader only changes, and asingle update can contain one or more of the three types.

[0143] For example, as new functions are embedded in the magazine datafiles, new modules may be required on the reader 78 to interpret the newdata elements. An example of this might be where a publisher is nowproviding a feature, such as a product sample, in a magazine, and thesample may have features not easily available or simulatable given thecurrent configuration of the reader 78. For example, many fashionmagazines now include inserts containing fragrance samples. If a reader78 has access to functionality (such as a computer operably coupled toone or more external devices) capable of replicating the scent of thefragrance and somehow providing the simulated fragrance to the user, themagazine may include a data file to do this. Readers 78 unable to readsuch files could obtain updates from the system 50. An update to thereader 78 adds the necessary modules to handle the new data elements. Inat least one embodiment of the invention, new data elements areignorable so that if the user of a reader chooses not to update, thecontent can still be viewed subject to the limitations of thenon-updated reader 78.

[0144] In another example, the update may include service interfacechanges. Service interface changes are related to the manner in whichthe reader communicates with the system 50. Some examples of serviceinterface changes, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention,are changes to the URLs used to support the reader functionality orchanges to protocols used to communicate with the servers of the system50. An update to the reader 78 makes the necessary changes tocommunicate with the servers using the new interface. In at least oneembodiment of the invention, service interface changes have no impact onthe user interaction with the system 50, the user will not notice thechanges.

[0145] Another type of update performed in at least one embodiment ofthe invention includes changes that are made to the reader 78 only.These so-called “reader only” changes are changes that add or modifyreader functionality that are not based on file format or servicechanges. Some examples include changes to the user interface, changes tosearch algorithms, and/or more efficient rendering algorithms. Thoseskilled in the art will recognize that many other types of updates arewithin the spirit and scope of the invention. Updates to the reader 78modify the associated application as appropriate.

[0146] In one embodiment of the invention, there are two basic triggersto starting an update procedure:

[0147] Check of update service indicates a new version is available.

[0148] Check of file format version indicates that unsupported dataelements are present

[0149] The latter trigger can occur, for example, in third-party retailpurchase and pass-along scenarios where the magazine file is obtainedoutside of the system 50 and/or the reader 78 standards.

[0150] In at least one embodiment of the invention, an update servicecheck occurs when the user enters an area of the reader 78 called the“newsstand” area. The newsstand area corresponds to a part of the reader78 that permits users to acquire new content, add subscriptions, changesubscription information, purchase single copies of periodicals, and thelike—actions that user might have access to at a conventional newsstand.In one embodiment, when the newsstand area of the reader is accessed,the reader 78 is connected over a computer network to the system 50.Note that, in some embodiments, the Newsstand on the reader 78 may, forexample, contain cached information with which a user can interact, makedecisions, provide information, etc., prior to actually connecting overthe computer network to the system 50. In one embodiment, the updateservice check only occurs when a user accesses the newsstand of thereader 78, to limit the number of update check requests. In at least oneembodiment, entering the newsstand requires a connection to the Internetor other appropriate computer network, so connecting to the updateservice will not be a problem.

[0151] The file format check occurs, in one embodiment, whenever a fileis opened. The file format version number is checked to see whether itmatches (or, for example, exceeds) the formats supported by the currentreader. If the file format is not supported, the user is notified andprompted to update by going online and going to the Newsstand area. Thesteps involved in this are listed in FIG. 7, which is a flow chartillustrating a method for updating a user's computer system, inaccordance with one embodiment of the invention.

[0152] Referring to FIGS. 2 and 7, when the user enters the newsstand(step 400) on the reader 78, data about the reader (for example, thereader version number) is provided to the update service (step 410),which, in one embodiment of the invention, is part of the magazineencryption and distribution service 60. In at least one embodiment, atleast a portion of the communication between the reader 78 and thesystem 50 occurs over an SSL connection.

[0153] Referring again to FIG. 7, the system 50 compares the currentreader version number (the one now on the reader 78) with what thesystem 50 knows to be the “latest” version of the reader 78 (steps 430and 440). If the versions are the same, then the system notifies thereader 78 that it is up to date (step 450) and the reader 78 cancontinue working with the existing newsstand functionality (step 460).

[0154] If the versions are not the same, the system 50 provides thereader 78 with a list of differences between the current version and thelatest version and a prompt for the reader 78 to be updated (step 470),which the reader 78 may display to a user. If the update is notaccepted, the reader 78 continues working with the existing newsstandfunctionality (step 460). If the versions are not the same and theupdate is accepted (e.g., user of the reader 78 accepts the update), thereader update application begins (step 490). In at least one embodimentof the invention, when the reader update application begins, the reader78 application closes. The reader 78 provides the system 50 with itsversion number and an update file request as part of the reader updateapplication. The system 50 determines the update file to send to thereader 78 that will bring the reader 78 up to the latest version (step500). The update file is sent to the reader 78, where the reader updateapplication replaces relevant files and updates un-install script (step510). The reader update application closes (step 520), and the readerapplication restarted (step 530) without a restart of thecomputer/reader device itself. The reader 78 is restarted in thenewsstand area, so that the user of the reader 78 may continue with thenewsstand functionality.

[0155] One reason for using a separate update application, as describedin the flowchart of FIG. 7, is that the separate update application mayhelp to minimize contention issues when updating various files on thereader 78. For example, in one embodiment, no update flags are usedduring updating, so each time the user enters the newsstand area of thereader, an update check is performed.

[0156] The handling of proxies and gateways for an Internet connectionis, in one embodiment, managed by the services provided by theunderlying operating system running on the reader 78.

[0157] Another type of updating that may occur when a user is using areader 78 is an update resulting from checking the format of a file. Inone embodiment of the invention, file checking occurs completely withinthe reader 78, so that no interaction with the update service area ofthe system 50 is required. Checking of file formats is explained morefully in FIG. 9, which described the actions occurring when a reader 78is opening a file. In one embodiment, to simplify the checking of fileformats, when a reader 78 supports a given version of a file format, thereader 78 will support all file format versions prior to the supportedversion. When the user of a reader 78 goes online and enters thenewsstand area the normal service check and update process occur andupdate the application, as described in the flowchart of FIG. 7.

[0158] Other embodiments of the invention utilizing caching duringupdating. For example, in one embodiment, where the update files arestatic, caches of the update files are stored in one or more locationson the Internet or other computer network and are distributed via anedge service, such as that offered by like Akamai of Cambridge, Mass.The version comparison service, in this example, is part of the updateservice/cache.

[0159] When at the newsstand area of the reader 78, a user can utilizeany of the newsstand's features, which, in at least one embodiment ofthe invention, include obtaining electronic documents such as magazines.The obtaining of electronic documents, in accordance with the invention,at least includes purchase of subscriptions and single purchase copies.In some embodiments of the invention, obtaining electronic documentsincludes one or more non-purchase situations, such as obtaining “free”publications such as sample issues, catalogs, manuals, gifts, and thelike.

[0160] Subscriptions can be a significant factor for driving publisherrevenues, but can be an area of frustration areas for magazine readers.Frustrations with subscriptions include difficulties in changing addressor payment information, lengthy waits for subscriptions to start, andlong waits to cancel or change subscriptions. In some embodiments, thepresent invention simplifies and improves the process of utilizingsubscriptions to a magazine. In accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, the system 50 of FIG. 2 manages two types ofsubscriptions: the paid subscription and the controlled circulationsubscription. One difference between the paid subscription and thecontrolled circulation subscription, as used with the present invention,is the manner in which the order is placed. In some embodiments of theinvention, subscriptions (whether for oneself or as a gift) are placedonly from the newsstand of the reader 78 and not from a retailtransaction service 76, which permits single copy purchases only.However, in other embodiments of the invention, subscriptions and/orsingle copy purchases can be made from any entity capable of interactingwith the system 50. These entities include, but are not limited to,readers 78 and retail transaction services 76.

[0161]FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a method for obtainingelectronic documents to be read, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe invention. In FIG. 8, the process for obtaining documents beginswith the newsstand of the reader 78 (step 600) or with the equivalentlocation on the entity interacting with the system 50, as describedabove. For example, in one embodiment, to subscribe to a magazine, theuser goes online and enters the newsstand in the reader 78 (step 600).Of course, the user can enter the newsstand and then go online, or thereader 78 can make the online connection when the user enters.

[0162] The magazine encryption and distribution service 60 servicedisplays magazines that are available (step 610) and waits for the userto make a selection (step 620). In at least one embodiment, themagazines are displayed using hyptertext markup language (HTML), such asby using metadata found in the ZDF file. In some embodiments, thedisplay may include featured magazines for the newsstand for thatday/week/month, magazines organized into categories, featured magazinesin a category, alphabetical listings of magazines, and the like.

[0163] In at least one embodiment of the invention, each magazine isdisplayed on the newsstand pages in the form of a cover thumbnail aboveseveral buttons enabling the user to select an option associated withthat document. For example, there may be a button for purchasing asingle copy, another to purchase a subscription, and another to see apreview of the magazine. The user can select (step 620) the desiredperiodical by selecting a button associated with the periodical.

[0164] If the user requests a subscription (steps 630 and 680), thesystem 50 initiates a subscription transaction. During the transaction,the system 50 obtains information necessary to make the magazinesubscribed to available to the user (steps 690 and 700). For example, inat least one embodiment of the invention, the following information isobtained.

[0165] Term of subscription

[0166] Start of subscription (current issue, next issue, or futureissue)

[0167] Postal address

[0168] Email address

[0169] Payment information

[0170] Possible use of a group account, which ultimately resolves backto a credit card.

[0171] Card number from user's/group's stored profile.

[0172] Option to add to profile.

[0173] If gift subscription, user Login of recipient

[0174] If a payment is required for the subscription, the system 50clears the transaction financially (step 710). In at least oneembodiment, the magazine encryption and distribution service 60 managesthe entire subscription transaction, which is recorded in thecirculation database (step 710), along with the subscription list foreach magazine title. In addition, when the transaction is cleared (step700), the magazine encryption and distribution service 60 encryption anddistribution service 60 adds the userID to the subscription listassociated with the ordered title along with the expiration date/issuefor that user. If, for example, the order is a group purchase, all ofthe members of that group have their userIDs' added to the subscriptionlist and their records in the user database updated to reflect thesubscription. The magazine encryption and distribution service 60 alsoupdates the user's record (step 720) in the user database with therelevant information, such as magazine title, expiration date/issue, andcredit card or group number used for the transaction (in case thesubscription is cancelled later). In at least one embodiment, the creditcard number is stored in an encrypted form.

[0175] After the transaction is cleared financially, the subscription isconfirmed and if it starts with the current issue, the magazine file isencrypted and downloaded to the user's reader 78 (step 750) or is savedfor later downloading, possibly to another reader 78. The user's archivelist on the reader 78 also is updated with the IssueID of the magazinethat was just delivered.

[0176] For gift subscriptions (step 730), the process is similar to theprocess described above, except that a notification, such as an email(step 740) is sent to the recipient, notifying the recipient of thegift. If the subscription starts with the current issue, a link todownload the issue will also be included. When the recipient picks upthe first issue of the subscription, the gift sender is notified.

[0177] Other features, such as customizable thank you emails, reciprocalagreements (if you let me share your magazine you can share mine),discounts for frequent subscriptions, emails alerting of special offers,and the like, also may be part of the communications offered tosubscribers of magazines, gift recipients, and even purchasers of singleissues.

[0178] One of the advantages of having a digital delivery system, asdescribed in some embodiments of the invention, is that modifications toaccount information can be handled quickly. Referring to FIG. 8, thesemodifications can be done if a user selects “other functions” (steps 810and 820). Some of the modifications anticipated include the following:

[0179] Change of addresses (postal and/or email)

[0180] Subscription cancellations

[0181] Subscription renewals

[0182] The system 50, in at least one embodiment, handles at least aportion of the modifications using HTML forms and scripts. For example,changes of addresses are reflected in updated user profiles in the userdatabase. Subscription cancellations are implemented by displaying thelist of titles the user subscribes to along with the expirationdate/issue and having the user select the title to be canceled. When atitle is selected, the user's userID is removed from the subscriptionlist, the user's record in the user database is updated, and a credit issent to the user's credit card account according to the publisher'sdefined rules for credit.

[0183] Subscription renewals are handled in the same way as subscriptionorders, except the starting issue and credit card numbers areautomatically filled in based on the current subscription. The user can,of course, change and/or update the information. In some embodiments,the system 50 provides alerts of subscriptions running out. For example,to make a user aware that his subscription is about to run out, 2 issuesprior to the last issue, the subscription check (which can be performedby any of the services in the system 50, such as the circulation service62 and/or the magazine encryption and distribution service 60 brings upa reminder that “you have two issues left” and give the user a button toclick to renew. The reminder is generated by the magazine encryption anddistribution service 60 based on the expiration date/issue stored in theuser's record for that title. The reminder is updated for the next tolast issue to read “you have one issue left”. The message for the lastissue is “this is your last issue.” Pressing the subscription renewalbutton will bring up the subscription renewal version of placing asubscription order.

[0184] In some embodiments of the invention, the magazine encryption anddistribution service automatically renews the subscription for the user,if the user selects this option. The user may or may not elect to bewarned before the automatic renewal occurs. For this option, a record iskept that they did select automatic renewal for audit purposes, alongwith any notices and acknowledgements related to the renewal.

[0185] When a magazine issue is released, the magazine encryption anddistribution service 60 goes through the subscriber list (stored in thecirculation database 64) for the title and updates the pickup list inthe users database 66 for each of the userID's. When the user opens thereader 78 while online, the reader 78 checks with the magazineencryption and distribution service 60 to see if a magazine isavailable. The magazine encryption and distribution service 60determines whether or not an issue is available by looking at the user'spickup list in the user database 66. If one or more issues are availablefor pickup, the reader 78 notifies the user and asks if the user if hewants to download the issues. If the user declines, the issues are lefton the pickup list for the next subscription check. If the user accepts,the issues are downloaded to an archive area of the reader 78 (which inone embodiment is called the “My Collection” area), and the usersdatabase 66 is updated by cleaning up the pickup list and adding theIssueID and key to the user's list of archived issues. The circulationdatabase 64 is also updated to reflect the delivery of a copy of theissue. In one embodiment, an email is generated to notify the user of anew issue if the user selects that option.

[0186] The magazine encryption and distribution service 60 handles thecommercial transaction to purchase the subscription or single copy, thenretrieves the ZDF file from the magazine data store 58 and encrypts itfor use by the user (step 750). The user's data in the user database 66is updated with the issue identifier and the encryption key for thatfile download (step 760). Records are generated in the pass alongdatabase 70 and/or the magazine usage database 72 to allow pass-alongand archival retrieval (step 760). In one embodiment, each subscriptionrequest, payment transaction and file download are recorded for auditpurposes and to generate billing invoices.

[0187] For subscriptions, after the subscription request has been filledout and confirmed, the circulation database 64 is updated with thesubscription request (step 770). For subscriptions and single copypurchases, after the payment has been processed, the circulationdatabase 64 is updated with the commercial transaction (step 770). Afterthe file has been downloaded, the circulation database 64 is updatedagain with the note that delivery has been completed. Referring again toFIG. 2 and FIG. 8, in at least one embodiment of the invention, contentcan be obtained on a non-subscription basis, as well. For example,content can be purchased from the newsstand (steps 780, 840, 850, and750 through 770). Content also may be purchased from a third-partyretailer, via the retail transaction service 76. Purchasing asingle-copy is, in one embodiment, similar to a subscription purchase.One difference is that with purchase of a single copy, only the paymentinformation is required from the user (step 840), similar to thepurchase of a single copy in a conventional newsstand. After thetransaction for purchasing a single copy is cleared financially (step840), the magazine file is encrypted and downloaded to the user's reader78, updating the user's archive list on the reader with the IssueID ofthe magazine that was just delivered. In at least one embodiment, themagazine is downloaded to a user's reading device (e.g., computer) andis stored there. The magazine encryption and distribution service 60manages the entire purchase transaction, which is recorded in thecirculation database.

[0188] If the purchase was for a group purchase, all of the members ofthat group have the issue added to their pickup list as if it was asubscription issue. The next subscription check by the other memberswill prompt them to download the magazine. The newsstand accessible viathe reader 78 can, in one embodiment, be set up to “market” the content.For example, the newsstand can be constructed and arranged to includeplacement slots, and the various “pages” of the newsstand are organizedto feature selected magazines based on categories. In at least oneembodiment of the invention, selected magazines are promoted based onthe user's expressed interest as stored in the user's profile on theusers database 66.

[0189] In at least one embodiment, content such as magazines isdisplayed on the newsstand using compact versions of the magazine image(such as cover “thumbnails” images) above functional buttons such assubscribe and purchase buttons. In the conventional paper world, a usermay preview the magazine before purchasing. In the newsstand of theinvention, clicking on a cover thumbnail (step 630) causes themagazine's preview file, if available, to be downloaded to the user(steps 640, 650, and 670). The preview file is not encrypted to the userunless it contains adult content, in which case it will be keyed to theuser (to allow for situations such as when a person other than the useris using a user's computer or other device to run a reader 78 and viewthe magazine previews.). If a preview file requires some type of specialconditions to be met (steps 640 and 650), such as a minimum agerequirement, the system 50 checks for that condition. If it is not met,the system will notify the user (step 660) and will not display thepreview to the user.

[0190] The preview file, in one embodiment, is a small excerpt of themagazine as defined by the publisher. For example, a preview file for amagazine can include the cover, the table of contents, and possibly thefirst few pages of the lead article. In at least one embodiment of theinvention, the reader 78 cannot archive preview files.

[0191] After previewing the magazine, the user may purchase and/orsubscribe to the magazine, in the same manner as described previously.In one embodiment, to facilitate this, the preview file includes a linkthat takes the user into the purchase or subscribe transaction processin the newsstand. Of course, it is not necessary to preview a magazinebefore purchasing or subscribing.

[0192] In one embodiment of the invention, the system 50 provides forpredetermined error conditions. For example, there is the possibilitythat after an issue has been delivered, the payment may be rescinded.For that condition, the system 50 prevents access to a particular issue,such as by removing the issue from the list of “purchased” issues. Onthe reader 78 (client) side, the reader deletes the local client copy,and can notify the user prior to the deletion.

[0193] As noted previously, another way to obtain non-subscriptioncontent is from a third party retailer or retail transaction service 76,such as AMAZON.COM or BARNESANDNOBLE.COM. In at least one embodiment ofthe invention, marketing of the content (e.g., “featuring” particularissues, the way issues are organized and presented, etc.) is at thediscretion of the retailer. The system 50 can, if desired, provide theretail transaction service 76 with magazine previews that link back tothe retail transaction service 76 for fulfillment should the user decideto purchase a single-copy. In one embodiment, subscription links linkback to the magazine encryption and distribution service 60 of thesystem 50.

[0194] Getting a magazine from a third party retailer or a retailtransaction service 76 is similar to the Newsstand scenario except thatthe retailer handles all of the financial aspects of the transactionprior to contacting the magazine encryption and distribution service 60.However, the retail transaction service 76 provides the purchase priceand payment confirmation so that the data can be recorded in thecirculation database 64 for circulation auditing purposes. FIG. 11 is ascreen shot depicting an example third party screen 1800 for downloadingan electronic magazine, in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention, and FIG. 12 is a screen shot depicting an example depictingthe download screen 1810 for the third party screen of FIG. 11, inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention;

[0195] A retail transaction with a retail transaction service 76 beginswhen the user selects a magazine for purchase. The retail transactionservice 76 gets the user's system 50 login and password so that the usercan be verified as a user of the system 50. Once the system 50 hasvalidated the user, the retail transaction service 76 handles thefinancial transaction and provides the payment price and confirmationwhen the transaction clears. Failed transactions are managed by theretail transaction service 76.

[0196] The issue file is encrypted for the user and sent to the retailtransaction service 76 for delivery to the end user. The circulationdatabase 64 and the user's archive list in the user database 66 areupdated as necessary. The retail transaction service 76 is alsoresponsible for notifying the system 50 when the delivery has beencompleted.

[0197] In one embodiment of the invention, as an alternative to theretail transaction service 76 handling the actual delivery, the retailtransaction service 76 is provided with a link to the magazineencryption and distribution service 60 so that the user downloads thefile from the system 50. With that method, the system 50 hasconfirmation of delivery. If desired, the system 50 can notify theretail transaction service 76 of the delivery for their records. Thesystem 50 can also, if necessary, settle accounts with the publisher.

[0198] After the magazine file (which is referred to as a “ZNO” file inthe embodiment of the system 50 shown in FIG. 2) has been added to theuser's reader 78, the user can read the file. For example, in oneembodiment, the magazine file is stored as a thumbnail image in an areaof the reader 78 called the “My Collection area,” and can be read byopening the reader 78 and clicking on the cover thumbnail in the MyCollection area. In at least one embodiment, if a user locates themagazine file on her computer (e.g., if the file is started as part ofthe computer file structure) and clicks on it, the reader 78 is launchedautomatically, as with many other types of files and applications. FIG.14 is a screen shot depicting a representative example of a screen onthe reader 78 showing the features available, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention.

[0199] Referring briefly to FIG. 14, one of the embodiments of thereader 78 provides features (accessible via onscreen “buttons”, such asdownload 2000, a “My Collection” area 2010, a dragging/panning feature2020 for use when reading a document, a highlighting feature 2030, atear out feature 2040, a single page mode 2050, a double page mode 2060,a browsing mode 2070, a reading mode 2080, zoom-in 2090, zoom-out 2100,options/preferences 2110, rotate screen 2120, flip back 2130, and flipforward 2140.

[0200] The download 2000 feature provides a quick link to the newsstandfunctionality. The “My Collection” 2010 feature access to local filesthat contain the print layout version of the desired content. Thedragging/panning feature 2020 provides drag and panning of the displayscreen to provide visibility to other portions of the page. In at leastone embodiment, the dragging/panning feature 2020 is accomplished bypressing down on the mouse button at a point on the page, moving themouse in the desired direction and releasing the button. The display canbe updated after the button is released, or while the button isdepressed. Updating after the button is released will cause a “snapping”effect as the page is repositioned. The highlighting feature 2030provides the ability to highlight, annotate, “dog-ear”, and/or mark thecontent. The tear-out feature 2040 provides a page-clipping function,enabling a user to “remove” articles from the magazine, if theassociated rights permit it, and retain the article for the user's ownuser, pass it along to another, incorporate it into another document,etc., as required and permitted. It should be noted that because someembodiments of the invention provide digital rights management at theobject (e.g., picture, article, etc.) level, the reader 78 could handlefunctions such as the tear-out feature 2040.

[0201] The single page mode 2050 and double page mode 2060 permit theuser to view the magazine in the desired one or two-page format. Thebrowsing mode 2070 permits the user to browse the magazine quickly and,in one embodiment, browsing mode 2070 defaults to a double page mode2060. FIG. 15 is a screen shot depicting a two-page browsing layout 1910of a representative electronic magazine, as viewed using the reader 78,in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. It also is possibleto browse a magazine in a single page format. FIG. 17 is a screen shotdepicting a single page browsing layout 1930 of a representativeelectronic magazine, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0202] The read mode 2080 permits the user to read content on a givenpage. In at least one embodiment, the read mode 2080 displays thecontent in a single page mode 2050, in a size “zoomed in” enough for theaverage person to read the magazine off of the screen. It also ispossible, of course, to show two pages while reading content, to takeadvantage of the seamless two page spread display and navigation of atleast one embodiment of the invention. While in two page mode, the usercan take advantage of the read mode animation of the invention to zoomin to a portion of the magazine article to read a particular detail,such as by using the pan/drag feature 2020 to quickly and easily focusin on content.

[0203]FIG. 16 is an example screen shot 1920 depicting a two pagereading layout of a representative electronic magazine, showing that thepan/drag feature is enabled, and the user has “zoomed in” on the contentof interest from the two-page browse layout of FIG. 15. Note, inparticular, that the reading layout, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention, is able to pan/drag across the “gutter” 1915 of thedepicted magazine and can zoom in on it. In going from the screen ofFIG. 15 to the screen of FIG. 16, the user clicks on the point ofinterest on the page, thereby activating the pan/drag feature 2020 sothat the user can use a pointing device to move the page to the desiredareas of the page. For example, in two-page mode, the two pages aretreated as a single page, allowing the user to read information on bothsides of the “fold”, “spine”, center portion, gutter 1915 , and thelike, of the magazine. This action can be very intuitive and similar toa user's bringing a conventional magazine closer for reading part of apage and shifting focus to other parts of the page.

[0204] The zoom in feature 2090 and zoom out feature 2100 work in amanner similar to convention zoom in and zoom out features in othersoftware packages. In one embodiment, the zoom factor is fixed for thedifferent reading modes (e.g., browse and/or read). In one embodiment,the user controls the zoom factor. In at least one embodiment, the zoomin and zoom out features 2090, 2100, respectively, work with a so-called“magnifying glass” approach, where a separate window is moved across thepage and the content of the window is an enlarged version of the pageunder the window. With this approach, the user can control the amount ofenlargement in the window. The shape of the window also can be adjustedto fit the material being enlarged, e.g., seeing the entire width of acolumn. In another embodiment, the zoom in and zoom out features 2090,2100, respectively, change the enlargement of the page in the originalpage window.

[0205]FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a method for accessing anelectronic document to be read, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention. Referring to FIG. 2 and FIG. 9, when a magazine file (e.g., aZNO file) is opened for reading (step 1000), if it is the user's firsttime using the reader with that magazine file (step 1004), the reader 78creates a file to record the user's keys for the magazine on that reader78 (step 1006). The reader 78 also checks to determine whether theuserID for the user matches the userID(s) that are allowed for themagazine (step 1010). If the userID is a match, the key token for thatissue is opened with the userID key (step 1020). In at least oneembodiment, the userID key is kept locally. The issue key in the keytoken is then used to decrypt the magazine file. Also in the key tokenis information that determines if the user has full access or limitedaccess.

[0206] In some embodiments of the invention, instead of storing thetokens in a separate file, the reader 78 stores the tokens in a datastructure on the client device (e.g., on the computer, EBOOK, PDA,etc.). In at least one embodiment, the tokens are stored in a portablemanner (e.g., on a disk, “smart card,” badge, or other physical token)on a physical element capable of being read to provide the tokens.Depending on the number of issues that the user obtains, either directlyor via pass-along, this could grow to a very large file.

[0207] In at least one embodiment of the invention, to avoid encryptionat the reader 78, the system 50 of the invention uses tokens. In oneembodiment, however, the data structure is encrypted, which may helpprevent decoding of the token and the rights structure.

[0208] When the user opens the issue of the magazine, the reader 78opens the file and gets the format and version number of the ZNO file(step 1025). File checking, in one embodiment, occurs completely withinthe reader 78, so no interaction with the update service 67 is required.As noted previously, in some embodiments, to simplify file formatchecking, if a reader 78 supports a given file format version then thereader 78 will support all file format versions prior to the supportedversion. However, if the format or the version number are not supportedby the reader 78 (step 1030) (such as, for example, when the versionnumber of the file is greater than the supported version number), theuser is prompted to connect and update the reader (step 1060), using,for example, the method shown in FIG. 7. If the update does not occur,the prompt is removed at first input by the user (step 1070), and thefile continues to be opened, with the reader 78 ignoring unsupportedand/or new elements (step 1080).

[0209] Referring again to FIGS. 2 and 9, if the version number issupported (step 1030), the reader 78 continues opening the file (step1040) so that the user can read it. FIG. 13 is a screen shot 1820depicting an example of an electronic magazine, called by way of exampleonly “eCompany,” downloaded for reading to the reader 78, in accordancewith an embodiment of the invention. As the user reads the magazine,usage data is kept in the usage log. (step 1050), which is explainedmore fully herein. In addition, in at least one embodiment, the reader78 can record other information and/or actions that a user of the reader78 requires. For example, the reader 78 supports actions (e.g., steps 84through 94 of FIG. 3) that a user can perform while reading and/orbrowsing the magazine. When the user adds annotations to a magazine, forexample (step 86 of FIG. 3), the reader stores the annotations arestored in an annotations file (step 1050 of FIG. 9), one for each issue.As each annotation is added or deleted, the annotation file is updatedto reflect the changes. Thus, if the device running the reader 78crashes or if other problems occur, the annotations are not lost.Annotation can be stored, in one embodiment in the original ZNO file.

[0210] In at least one embodiment, a user of the reader 78 can perusethe magazine “offline,” so no interaction with the system 50 is requiredto read a magazine once the key token, either pass-along or direct, isreceived.

[0211] In at least one embodiment of the invention, the data format ofthe magazine file allows the reader 78 to display and link documents.For example, the reader 78 uses the rendering engine built into thereader 78 to convert the ZNO descriptions into visual representations ofthe pages. In addition, the reader 78 has the ability to determine linksthat have been embedded in the ZNO document. The internal or externalresource pointed to by the link is, in one embodiment, handled by theproprietary portion of the reader 78.

[0212] Creating the links occurs at the pre-press stage of theconversion process. Initially, an application such as ADOBE ACROBAT isused to manually create the links. In some embodiments of the invention,however, the system 50 uses a more automated process. Depending on thegoals of the advertiser or publisher, in at least one embodiment, thereader 78 can incorporate video and/or audio to an advertisement,catalog, or article. In some embodiments, the balancing factor is thesize of the resulting file that is to be downloaded.

[0213] In one embodiment, the reader 78 supports three types ofannotations: text notes, bookmarks and highlights. In some embodiments,the reader 78 supports handwritten notes when the reader 78 includes (oris used with) interfaces that support handwriting on laptops, desktops,PDAs, or other devices. For text notes, a text box is created that isanchored to a selected point on the page. Text box functionality that issupported includes entering text using the keyboard, resizing the sizeof the box, and moving the cursor position to allow editing, data entryis complete when they click the close icon, at which point the text boxdata is stored in the annotations file associated with the magazine andthe border of the note is modified to indicate that the box has beenstored.

[0214] For bookmarks, the page number, type of bookmark and anchor pointare recorded in the annotation file.

[0215] For highlighting, the reader 78, in one embodiment, uses theADOBE ACROBAT library feature for highlighting of text. In oneembodiment, the reader 78 uses page coordinates to identify the startand stop points of the highlighted text lines and records them in theannotations file that is linked to the magazine.

[0216] Annotations also can be modified and/or deleted. Selecting theparticular annotation on the page brings up the appropriate tool tomodify the annotation. In addition, for text notes, the tool permits theuser to edit the note. For bookmarks, the tool allows the user to changethe type of bookmark. For highlights, the tool allows the user to changethe start and/or end point of the highlight. Selecting any annotationalso allows the user to delete the annotation by using a predeterminedkey, such as the Delete or Backspace key.

[0217] Another document reading feature provided in some embodiments ofthe invention is synchronizing. For example, if the user subscribes tothe expanded services, the annotations file on the reader 78 issynchronized with one or more databases at the system 50. This can bedone upon the occurrence of any one or more predetermined conditions,such as when the newsstand is accessed or when the file is deleted fromthe archive of the reader 78.

[0218] Still another document reading feature provided in at least oneembodiment of the invention is searching. In one embodiment, the reader78 provides full text searching of documents. In one embodiment, thereader 78 generates an index based on the index structures of the files.For example, the reader 78 can generate an index sorting files it hasbased on date and/or topic, so that a user can perform a structuredsearch of his documents for all articles within a given date range thatrelate to a given topic.

[0219] In some embodiments, the invention implements searches in avariety of ways that can differ from and/or go beyond searching such asintra-file full-text search. in Phase 1. For example, in at least oneembodiment, one unique feature of the ZNO files is that the collectionof ZNO files can be dynamic. The user can remove and add ZNO files atwill in the file structure associated with the operating system of thedevice on which the reader 78 is implemented. In one embodiment, thereader 78 assumes a root folder from which the search for ZNO filesstart. All ZNO files “below” the root are considered when conducting asearch.

[0220] One of the components in a ZNO file, in an embodiment of theinvention, is a search index that has been created based on the contentsof the file. When the reader 78 conducts an inter-file search, theindices are used to quickly locate the page references. A separate indexis included in each file so that a comprehensive index of all availablefiles need not be created each time a search is initiated. In acomprehensive index, each addition and deletion from the local magazinecollection is managed. In some embodiments, this may be difficult to dogiven that file management is an operating system function.

[0221] Searching across files on the system 50 can be simpler because acomprehensive system index is possible, because ZNO files are notdeleted easily from the system 50. In at least one embodiment, thesystem 50 uses a third party searching system to perform searching.

[0222] When sharing content (the page tear function; see step 84 of FIG.3), the elements of the pages are reassembled into a general use ZNOfile that contains the elements that have been approved for sharing.Though it is general use, the creator of the excerpted file is set asthe purchaser of original issue from which the excerpt was taken. Adialog box asks the user if annotations are to be included in the file.If annotations are included, they are added to the file instead of beingsent in a separate file.

[0223] In at least one embodiment, the reader 78 permits the user toengage in commerce-type functions, such as perusing and ordering fromcatalogs, ordering directly from advertisements in magazines, and thelike. Referring to FIG. 2, this is accomplished, for example, using thecommerce service 61. The commerce service 61, in conjunction with thereader 78, provides a consistent user interface to users of the reader78 and promotes commerce via catalogs. During the entire transactioncycle (queries, order, settlement, delivery and possible return), thecommerce service 61 acts as the agent of the reader 78 by translatingthe user's desire via the consistent user interface into the varyingrequirements of the various retailers, like, a “wizard” for catalogcommerce transactions.

[0224] In at least one embodiment of the invention, the commerce service61 simplifies the process of ordering (to promote commercetransactions), by providing features such as:

[0225] Pre-filled in forms

[0226] Automatic status checking of orders

[0227] Rationalized return procedure

[0228] Rationalized retailer contact info

[0229] Creation of gift/wish lists across retailers

[0230] For merchants, such as 3^(rd) party retailers 77 and catalogordering systems 79, 79′, the commerce service 61 provides features suchas:

[0231] Enforcing privacy with respect to amount and type of informationexchanged

[0232] Translating retailer specific requirements into a consistent userinterface for users to make purchasing and returns easier

[0233] Aggregating transaction data, including demographics

[0234] In accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention, toconduct a commerce transaction using the system 50 and the reader 78,various steps and information are exchanged. An example of the commercetransaction process includes steps such as:

[0235] Preparing the catalog

[0236] Establishing the Commerce Transaction Interfaces (CTI)

[0237] Transaction Processing

[0238] Transaction Summaries for retailers

[0239] Transaction Summaries for users

[0240] Preparing the catalog involves creating the catalog of productsthat will be distributed in the ZNO file format. During the course ofgenerating the file, various data elements necessary to identify andpurchase a particular item are gathered and incorporated into thetransaction database 73 that is then used to generate the variouscatalog pages.

[0241] The transaction database 73 is necessary, in at least oneembodiment, because it is also used by the commerce service 61 whencommunicating with the catalog order systems 79. 79′ to place and checkorders.

[0242] There are various policies and procedures that are particular toeach retailer. The Commerce Transaction Interface (CTI) (not shown inFIG. 2) captures the various possible transactions that can occurbetween the commerce service 61, and maps them to the consistent userinterface associated with the system 50 and/or the reader 78.

[0243] As an example, some of the policies and procedures can include:

[0244] Privacy policy on information sharing

[0245] Returned merchandise policies and procedures

[0246] Billing procedures

[0247] Shipment tracking procedures

[0248] Order status procedures

[0249] Affinity program procedures

[0250] While the user interface is consistent, the system 50 providesopportunities for the retailer to brand the interface so that the userknows with whom the order is being placed.

[0251] Commerce transactions are initiated when a user opens a catalogand interacts with the elements on the pages. Examples of the possibletypes of transactions include:

[0252] Query for Product information

[0253] Order management: placing, canceling, and monitoring

[0254] Affinity program management

[0255] Gift list management

[0256] Depending on the information requested, the user may or may notneed to be online. If the information was included in the ZNO catalog,such as available sizes and colors, the information is, in oneembodiment, displayed without accessing the system 50. Currentinformation, such as quantity in stock, however, may require aconnection to the system 50, the Internet, or another computer network.

[0257] The query is started when the user interacts with the queryelements on the catalog page that is associated with a product.Depending on the type of information desired, the reader 78 eitherdisplays the information or queries for a connection to obtain thenecessary information. If a connection is not available, the user isnotified and asked if she would like to automatically resend the querywhen a connection becomes available.

[0258] If an online query is required, the reader 78 sends the query tothe commerce service 61, which translates and routes the query to therelevant catalog order system 79, 79′. Responses to the query aretranslated into a form suitable for use by the reader 78 and are sent tothe reader 78 for display.

[0259] An order is placed when the user interacts with the page elementsassociated with a product to order the product. An order form isdisplayed, pre-filled in with the user's relevant information necessaryto complete the transaction and as requested by the retailer accordingto the privacy policy of the retailer. The user makes any necessarychanges and additions to the order and places the order.

[0260] In at least one embodiment, if the reader 78 is online, the orderis sent immediately. In at least one embodiment, if the reader 78 isoffline, the order is sent the next time a connection to the system 50,the Internet, or another computer network is established.

[0261] When the commerce service 61 receives the order, an “orderpending” confirmation is returned to the reader 78, along with an orderidentifier. The commerce service 61 translates the order into the formatappropriate for the selected retailer and sends the order to theappropriate catalog order system 79, 79′ and waits for confirmation ofthe order. When the order is confirmed, an “order confirmed” message issent to the reader 78. If the catalog order system 79, 79′ rejects theorder, the reason for the rejection is returned to the reader 78 fordisplay to the user.

[0262] After the order is placed, it can be canceled by bringing up theorder status screen in the reader 78 and selecting the cancel option.The reader 78, in at least one embodiment, needs to be connected to thesystem 50 and/or online in order to confirm the cancellation; thereforethe cancel option will not be available if the user is offline.

[0263] While the order is active (not received by the user), the system50 monitors the status of the order via the commerce transactioninterface. In at least one embodiment, the retailer notifies thecommerce service 61 whenever the status of an order changes. If not, thecommerce service 61 generates queries to the catalog order system 79,79′. In at least one embodiment, the statuses of the various orders aredisplayed on the order status screen in the reader 78 and are updatedwhenever the reader 78 connects to the system 50.

[0264] Other features that the commerce service 61 can include, in someembodiments of the invention, include features such as affinity programmanagement.

[0265] In at least one embodiment, the reader 78 allows the user tocreate multiple gift lists that can contain entries from differentcatalogs. In an embodiment, gift lists are created locally andsynchronized with the user database 66 to allow the user to access thelists from any computer.

[0266] In at least one embodiment, the reporting service 75 also canprovide reports relating to the commerce service 61. For example, thetransactions that have been handled by the commerce service 61 can beaggregated and correlated with the demographic information in the userdatabases 66 to create transactions summaries for the retailers. Someexamples might be the “most popular” product with consumers accessingthe system 50 who are between the ages of 30 and 40, or the averageorder amount from a particular catalog.

[0267] In at least one embodiment, the commerce service 61 providestransaction histories and summaries for users. For example, if the useris connected to the system 50, the user can access previous transactionsto possibly re-order items, or publish gift lists. transaction summariesare also available. Some example summaries might be all transactionsusing a particular credit card across all retailers, or all transactionswith a particular retailer.

[0268] The above described features and functions are available when theuser has successfully opened the file because the user's userID matchedthat associated with the file (step 1010 of FIG. 9). At least a portionof these features and functions are available to users who havepass-along access, as well. The process for opening and reading a filedetects whether the file is to be opened under pass-along conditions.

[0269] Referring again to FIG. 9, if the userID is not a match (step1010), then the user is notified (step 1090) that the user needspass-along rights to read the publication. To obtain pass-along rights,the user connects to the system 50 (such as via a designated web site onthe Internet) (step 1100), provides required information to the system50 (1110), such as original user's userID, the issue identifier and thenew user's userID, and the like, to the pass-along service 68 (step1110). If pass along is not allowed for the document (step 1120), theuser is notified (step 1130). Pass along may be disallowed for manydifferent reasons, such as time limits being exceeded, incorrect user,publisher restrictions, and the like.

[0270] If pass-along is allowed (step 1120), the key associated with theoriginal user's download is retrieved and encrypted with the new user'suserID for transmission to the new user (steps 1140, 1150). The reader78 will then have has the key to open the pass-along file and notefiles, if any.

[0271] If pass along is allowed for the document, in at least oneembodiment of the invention, the pass-along process of FIG. 10(described below) is followed to give the user access. At least oneoutput of the process of FIG. 10 is providing the user who has requestedaccess with an appropriate token to access the document (step 1150).When this token is provided, accessing the document proceeds asdescribed previously for the non-pass-along user.

[0272] Whether and how a document can be passed along can be determinedat different times. For example, in one embodiment, at the time apublisher provides a document to the system 50, the publisher mayspecify pass-along limits and/or requirements. In one embodiment,pass-along requirements are determined or set at the time that theoriginal user purchases and/or received the magazine. Those skilled inthe art recognize that many different conditions can be used todetermine whether or not pass-along access to a document is granted, andunder what terms. For example, many types of conditions that presentlyare used in systems that give users “read only” and/or limited access todocuments, such as document management systems such as IMANAGE andPCDOCS, can be similarly applied for pass-along in accordance with theprinciples of the invention.

[0273] In one embodiment of the invention, pass-along is handled byhaving the purchaser of content deal with the delivery of the ZNO file(and, optionally, any associated annotation file) to the user.

[0274] In at least one embodiment of the invention, there are two typesof pass-along tokens, the limited use token and the full-use token. Thelimited use token allows the user to view the contents of the pass-alongfile along with any notes, but not to make changes to the files.Additionally, the file is not registered in the user's archive. The fulluse token allows the user to treat the file as if the user had purchasedit. It also becomes part of the users' archive so that all annotations,old and new, can be saved for later retrieval. With a full use token,should the original pass-along file and/or token be lost/deleted, theissue can be retrieved from the archive, but this time with the user'suserID embedded in the file instead of the original purchaser's userID.

[0275] Besides handling the key management for pass-along, thepass-along service 68 also tracks the number of times a particularmagazine issue has been passed-along in aggregate in the circulationdatabase 64.

[0276] In at least one embodiment, the publisher sets at least some ofthe limits for the pass-along process for particular magazines. Thisdata is kept in the pass-along database. For example, in one embodiment,the aspects of pass along that are controlled on a per issue basis are:

[0277] Number of times a purchaser's copy can be passed along.

[0278] Number of times in aggregate, an issue can be passed along.

[0279] Cycle time over which the number limits apply.

[0280] Termination of pass-along after a time period.

[0281] Termination of pass-along limit after a time period.

[0282] Free Pass along type.

[0283] Payment amount for pass-along

[0284] The user database 66 includes, as part of the purchaser's record,a count of pass-along for a purchaser's copy.

[0285]FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating a method for passing along acopy of an electronic document, in accordance with one embodiment of theinvention. When a pass-along request is received (step 1500) and thereis a purchaser's copy limit (as specified in the pass-along database)(step 1620), the pass-along service 68 compares the limit to the countstored in the user database 66. If the limit has been reached, a messagewill be returned to the pass-along requestor (step 1650) indicating thereason for not granting pass-along access. If the limit has not beenreached, the appropriate type of pass-along token is generated (steps1630 and 1640) and the count updated in the purchaser's record, theaggregate count in the circulation database 64, and the cycle count inthe pass-along database 70 (step 1550). A value of 0 for the limit inthe pass-along database 70 means that pass-along copies are not trackedby the purchaser's copy. In at least one embodiment, the system 50 alsoincludes a maximum number of copies, stored in bytes, such as 256 bytes.

[0286] The circulation database 64 maintains a pass-along aggregatecount, but, in at least one embodiment, for the purposes of enforcing alimit, the pass-along database 70 maintains the limit counter. When apass-along request is received (step 1500) and there is an aggregatecount limit (as specified in the pass-along database 70) (step 1610),the pass-along service 68 compares the limit to the cycle count value inthe pass-along database 70. If the limit has been reached, a messagewill be returned to the pass-along requester indicating the reason fornot granting pass-along access (step 1655). If the limit has not beenreached (and other appropriate conditions are met, as shown in FIG. 10),then the appropriate type of pass-along token is generated (steps 1630and 1640), the aggregate count is updated in the circulation database64, and the cycle count is updated in the pass-along database 70 (step1550). A value of 0, for example, indicates that no pass-along copiesare allowed. In some embodiments of the invention, there is a maximumvalue, which can be extremely high (on the order of millions of copies).

[0287] Cycle time for count limits is, in an embodiment of theinvention, the feature that supports the following functionality:

[0288] Only 2 pass-along copies allowed per week from this purchasedcopy. (cycle time is one week.)

[0289] Only 2,000 aggregate pass-along copies per day. (cycle time isone day).

[0290] The cycle time value, cycle count value and the expiration timeare maintained in the pass-along database 70. The cycle time isexpressed in minutes while the expiration time, which includes the date,is maintained down to the minute. When a pass-along request is received(step 1500) and there is a cycle time limit, the pass-along service willcompare the expiration time to the current time (step 1590). If thecurrent time is beyond the expiration time, the expiration time isupdated by adding the cycle time to the current time and storing theresult as the new expiration time. The cycle count in the pass-alongdatabase 70 and the pass-along counter in the user database 66 arecleared (step 1600) while the aggregate count in the circulationdatabase 64 is left alone. Pass-along processing then continues (steps1630, 1640, and 1550) as if the timer had not expired.

[0291] If the current time is before the expiration time, the pass-alongservice 68 compares the relevant count values to decide if a pass-alongtoken should be generated. A value of 0 indicates that cycle time is notactive. In at least one embodiment, the maximum value is set to apredetermined number of days. In one embodiment, there are separatecycle timers for each count. In one embodiment, if cycle times are notused, the cycle count counter in the pass along database 70 is deleted.

[0292] The pass-along enable time is stored in the pass-along database70 as a specific time/date value. For example, this value can be enteredat the time the magazine issue was loaded into the data store. When apass-along request is received (step 1500), the pass-along enable timeis compared to the current time, (step 1570) if the current time isbeyond the enable time, pass-along processing is stopped and a messagereturned to the user noting that the pass-along period has expired (step1580). If the time has not expired, pass-along checking continues. Avalue of 0 indicates that pass-along is always enabled.

[0293] The pass-along limit enable time is stored in the pass-alongdatabase 70 as a specific time/date value. For example, this value canbe entered at the time the magazine issue was loaded into the datastore. When a pass-along request is received (step 1500), the pass-alonglimit enable time is compared to the current time (step 1560), if thecurrent time is beyond the enable time, pass-along processing is stoppedand a pass-along token is immediately generated without further checking(steps 1630, 1640, and 1550). If the time has not expired, pass alongchecking continues. A value of 0 indicates that pass-along limitchecking is always enabled.

[0294] The Free pass-along Type for a particular issue is stored in thepass-along database 70. One type is the free pass-along, where a fee isnot required and the issue can be passed along to anybody. In oneembodiment, the free pass-along type can either be limitedfunctionality, or full functionality.

[0295] In one embodiment, in conjunction with the pass-along price,three types of systems can be supported by the pass-along service 68:

[0296] pass-along files with limited functionality only. (Type=Ltd,Price=0)

[0297] pass-along files with full functionality only. (Type=Full,Price=0)

[0298] pass-along files with limited functionality unless purchased, inwhich case files are full function files. (Type=Ltd, Price=xxx cents)

[0299] The pass-along price is stored in the pass-along database 70 as amonetary value, for example in cents. The pass-along price is entered atthe time the magazine issue is loaded into the data store. When apass-along request is received (step 1500) and the pass-along price isnot 0, a payment transaction is initiated by the pass-along service toallow the user to pay for the pass-along token (steps 1510 and 1520). Ifpayment is received (step 1530), a full use pass-along token isgenerated (step 1540). If payment is not received, pass-along processingcontinues to see if a limited use token should be generated. A value of0 indicates no need for payment, so the payment transaction is skippedand pass-along processing continues. In at least one embodiment, thepass along price has a predetermined maximum value.

[0300] Because pass-along files were not purchased, in at least oneembodiment, certain limits are placed on their functionality. Forexample, pass-along files (unless paid for) are not recorded in theuser's database 66, so they will not appear as part of the user'sarchive. Because pass-along files are not archiveable, any annotationsmade will not be stored on the archive server. If the file were to bedeleted from the My Collections area, any notes would be lost.

[0301] One of the benefits of some embodiments of the invention is that,in these embodiments, usage data is generated that allows the readers toeasily and (in at least one embodiment) anonymously tell the publisherwhat parts of magazine are of interest to the readership. This isaccomplished by tracking the usage of the magazine.

[0302] Usage data is generated as the user is reading or browsing thedocument. Magazine usage is tracked by time stamping and recording fileopens/closures, page turns, and link activations when the magazine isread. By comparing the time stamps, the duration of exposure can bedetermined as well as the page that was exposed, magazine contentinformation is not recorded as part of the log except for the issueidentifier when a file is opened.

[0303] As the flowchart of FIG. 7 indicated, when the user enters thenewsstand area of the reader 78, one action that occurs before the useris able begins using the newsstand functionality is to check whether thereader 78 requires updates. Another action that occurs before the userbegins using the newsstand functionality or while the user uses thenewsstand functionality on the reader 78 is that the reader 78 providesthe magazine usage data to the system. After the usage logs areaggregated and filtered in the magazine usage database 72 by themagazine usage service 74, the publisher can, if desired, correlate thedata to the known contents of the magazine to determine the items ofinterest to the issue's readership.

[0304] As shown in FIG. 8, when the reader 78 is opened for the firsttime as part of the initialization, a usage file is created to log theusage data. In one embodiment of the invention, the start of the logincludes a header containing the local time at the device running thereader (e.g., local personal computer time), UCT time as reported by thesystem 50, and the log format version number. As the user reads themagazine, various events are recorded in the log along with thesupporting information relevant for that event.

[0305] When the user connects to the system 50 to access the newsstand,or to acquire pass-along rights, or to download a magazine as part of asubscription, the magazine usage data collected to date on the user'sreader 78 is sent back to the magazine usage service 74 and stored inthe magazine usage database 72. These are the only occasions, in atleast one embodiment of the invention, when usage data is sent back tothe magazine usage database 72.

[0306] Prior to the file transfer, the current log file on the reader 78is closed, and a new log file is opened. Should the transfer fail forsome reason, the old log file is transferred at the next opportunityalong with the new log file, which would be closed at that time. It ispossible, in at least one embodiment, that there may be multiple old logfiles waiting to be transferred, but at some point, the file transferswill be successful and the local copies deleted.

[0307] Examples of events that are recorded, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention, include:

[0308] Application open

[0309] File open

[0310] File close

[0311] Page turns

[0312] Link activations

[0313] Screen saver entry

[0314] System sleep

[0315] Window minimize

[0316] Window restore/maximize

[0317] Those skilled in the art recognize, of course, that other typesof events can be recorded and are within the scope of the invention.Each event saves Information such as that shown in Table 4: TABLE 4Event data Application Open Local Timestamp, EventID, index number inlocal users table of user that is logged in. File Open Local Timestamp,EventID, IssueID File Close Local Timestamp, EventID, IssueID Page TurnLocal Timestamp, EventID, Page number(s) of new pages Link activationLocal Timestamp, EventID, Link that was activated, Page number(s) of newpages if any. Screen saver entry Local Timestamp, EventID System sleepLocal Timestamp, EventID Window minimize Local Time stamp, EventIDWindow Local Timestamp, EventID restore/maximize

[0318] In one embodiment, the events are encoded in the log to minimizethe size of the file for transport reasons and to limit the ability ofthe user to modify the log.

[0319] A single log is used for all instances and through the use of theuser table index number to note when the user changes, so that thereadership number for that issue can be estimated. The index number doesindicate when a new user is reading the same magazine, but because thelocal user table is not sent to the usage service and the log file isnot identified with a particular machine, the index number cannot betraced back to a particular user.

[0320] To detect tampering, in at least one embodiment the modificationdate and the size of the log file is recorded each time the reader 78 isclosed. When the reader is opened and the file properties do not match,a new log is created and the old one is marked for transfer to a holdingarea in the magazine usage service for review. To address privacyconcerns and/or user concerns about being recorded, in at least oneembodiment of the invention, personally identifiable information isnever recorded as part of the magazine usage data and/or a log fileviewer will be provided to allow the user to look at the log.

[0321] Back at the system 50, the usage logs are filtered into thevarious tables representing each issue so that the data can be analyzed.In at least on embodiment, data analyses and reports are generated inthe reporting service 75 and are provided to entities requesting theinformation, such as publisher business management 55 and publishingindustry groups 57.

[0322] Data gathered in accordance with an embodiment of the invention,by tracking things such as magazine usage, can be used in a variety ofways. For example, by calculating the difference between time stamps,the amount of time a page is displayed can be calculated. By countingthe number of times a particular page was displayed, accurate page“views” can be provided to entities such as advertisers. Reportsrelating to these and other topics can be generated according to whatthe publishers and industry groups desire. In one embodiment, if no useridentifiable information is included with the magazine usage data,correlation with demographic information is not possible. In anotherembodiment, however, demographic information can be included at thereader 78 so that access to the user database 66 is not required. In oneembodiment, magazine usage information includes the user identifier andreferences the user database 66 for demographic information.

[0323] Another feature available in some embodiments of the inventionare reports such as audited circulation reports. Some statistics showthat most magazine publishers' primary source of revenue is advertising.To support the advertising rates, publishers can show that readers arebeing exposed to the ads. Auditing reports based on data collectedaccording to the current magazine auditing rules and regulations can beused as evidence of ad exposure. To be considered as circulation,magazines must be ordered, paid or qualified for, and delivered to theuser. From the magazine usage data collected, a variety of reports arepossible, especially if the data is correlated with informationregarding the content of the pages. The data to be reported and the formof the reports depend on publisher and/or industry requirements. As thedescription herein shows, however, at least one embodiment of thepresent invention advantageously can be used to provide data relating tothese concerns more accurately, quickly, and inexpensively than knownsystems.

[0324] At least some embodiments of the invention generate circulationreports as necessary and in substantially the same format as the reportscurrently used for print distribution. The data from the reports can,for example, be exported for integration into the fulfillment systemsthat are currently supplying the circulation/readership information tothe publishers. Using the usage logs, magazine readership could beestimated fairly closely.

[0325] Although the distribution system in some embodiments does notgenerate bills to the publishers, it provides input into billing systemwhich, although not shown in FIG. 2, is part of some embodiments of theinvention. Depending on the contract terms, the billing system can takedata such as number of downloads per issue and number of pass-alongs perissue in the billing period and generate bills to the publishers. Thedata to be reported and the form of the reports depend on thecontractual requirements.

[0326] In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, there are twoplaces where archives of documents that have been acquired aremaintained for the user, the local archive (on the device running thereader 78 and/or accessible to the reader 78, such as a disk) and theonline archive accessible to the system 50.

[0327] The offline archive is also referred to herein in one embodiment,as the “My Collection” feature of the reader 78. In one embodiment, theoffline archive is an alternate view of the operating system's filesystem on the device running the reader 78 (e.g., on the local driven orremovable drive of the personal computer), starting at a particular nodein the file system (referred to, by way of example only, as the Zinioroot). The user can organize the files in any manner the user sees fitusing the file system of the operating system. This includes putting allof the files in a single folder, subject to the limitations of theoperating system.

[0328] Once the reader 78 receives a magazine file (e.g., a ZNO file),the reader adds the file to the offline archive when one of thefollowing occurs,

[0329] The file is placed under the Zinio root in the file system andthe reader 78 is started.

[0330] The file is opened directly (double-click).

[0331] The file is opened via the file open dialog of the reader 78.

[0332] The file icon is dragged and dropped into the offline archivearea.

[0333] Before adding the file to the offline archive, the reader 78checks to be sure that the user has the right to access the file.

[0334] The last three events listed above are only relevant, in oneembodiment, for files that are located outside of the reader 78's tree.When those events occur, a link is created in the appropriate locationon the reader 78's tree to point to the file. The link can be moved andreorganized like a magazine file. No link is created if the user doesnot have the right to access the file.

[0335] Because the offline archive is an alternate view of operatingsystem's file structure, any changes like adding or deleting folders andfiles outside of the reader 78 are reflected in the display of theoffline archive contents. Similarly, any changes made in the reader 78to the offline archive area also are reflected in the file system.

[0336] The offline archive/My Collection display is determined when thereader 78 switches to the “My Collection” mode (see, e.g., the MyCollection feature 2000 of FIG. 14). The reader 78 scans the folder tobe displayed in the My Collection window for files that can be accessedby the user currently logged in. This is accomplished, for example, byscanning the headers of the ZNO files, which include the cover thumbnailimages. Files not accessible to the user are not displayed. In oneembodiment, if scanning a folder takes too long, an index file can beused instead. The index is updated periodically to keep up with changesthat occur outside of the reader 78.

[0337] Besides magazine and catalog ZNO files, the offline archive, inat least one embodiment, can hold ZNO related files. The ZNO relatedfiles are stored in special file folders at the Zinio root and do notshow up as part of the documents displayed in the offline archive area.These files include, for example, the annotation files (ZNT), the keytokens for opening ZNO files (ZTK), and the usage logs (ZMU).

[0338] On systems that support multiple users, each user has a folder atthe Zinio root that will serve as their personal root for the offlinearchive area. This allows each user to create her own organizationalstructure under her personal root. To share documents, the user can, forexample, use the file open dialog to go to the other users' folder andlink in documents. If the first user does not have access to the filecontents, the link will not be created.

[0339] In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the onlinearchive comes in two varieties, a basic purchased-issues index and anenhanced services archive. The basic purchased-issues index allows theuser to recover old magazine files should the user delete them from herlocal archive. The enhanced services archive allows the user to saveannotations, organization schemes, and clippings she may have made tothe local versions of her archive. This also allows the user to usedifferent machines to access her personalized copies of the magazines.

[0340] The purchased-issues index is, in at least one embodiment, a listof the magazine issues that have been purchased by the user and isintended for use by the user as a way to recover files deleted from theuser's local archive. The purchased-issues index is accessed via the“Archive” area of the newsstand on the reader 78. The user may sort thelist in a limited number of ways; for example, by title, date ofpurchase, or date of publication in ascending or descending order. In atleast one embodiment, the list includes a display of thumbnail imagecovers of magazines, to help the user more easily locate the desiredissue.

[0341] In at least one embodiment of the invention, when the user wantsto recover a magazine file, he goes online, to the system 50 and entersthe archive area of the newsstand on the reader 78. The magazineencryption and distribution service 60 displays the list of magazinesthat the user has purchased or for which the user is “qualified” or“approved” to access. The user then selects a magazine from the list andconfirms the download of the file, the key token or both to a locationin the local archive specified by the user (see, e.g., the screen shotof FIG. 12). In at least one embodiment, the separation of the key fileand ZNO file allows the case of corrupted keys to be quickly remedied,letting the user back into his magazine. Because the same IssueID willbe used, any annotation files that have been created re-associate withthe restored magazine file.

[0342] In at least one embodiment of the invention, the system 50includes an enhanced services archive that extends the offline archiveinto the online archive by attempting to mirror the user's offlinearchive organizational structure and interface. Each issue that the userhas access to is represented by a cover thumbnail and located in theappropriate category folder in the archive area of the newsstand. Anyclippings in the category folders are also mirrored in the onlinearchive. Any annotations for a particular issue are also archived.

[0343] By having the online archive be a superset of the offlinearchive, the user can log onto any machine and restore a selected subsetof magazines and clippings along with any annotations he may have beenadded. In one embodiment, to simplify potential difficulties withkeeping the online archive up to date, the user sets parameters thatautomatically synchronize at a given event, like opening the reader 78,when a connection was available, or scheduled time, like every Sundayevening.

[0344] In one embodiment, to restore/get an archived issue or group offiles, the user goes online to the system 50 and enters the archive areaof the newsstand. There, the magazine encryption and distributionservice 60 displays the issues using cover thumbnails and organized inthe same manner as the user's My Collection area. The user selects afile or folder by clicking on the cover/folder icon and confirming thedownload, with or without annotations. The reader places the file(s) inthe proper categories in the offline archive area.

[0345] In at least one embodiment, synchronization between archives canoccur automatically or manually. Manual synchronization is initiatedwhen the manual synchronization button located in the archive area ofthe newsstand is activated. When synchronizing, any article clippingsand annotation files that have been modified since the lastsynchronization will be copied to the online archive. Files are notdeleted during the synchronization process. Any changes to theorganizational structure of the offline archive are also updated.

[0346] In another aspect, the invention provides an electronic magazinereading device and another embodiment of a system for reading thecontent described herein. FIG. 18 is a diagram of an electronic magazinesystem implemented 5000 in accordance with an embodiment of this aspectof the invention. The electronic magazine system 5000 of FIG. 18includes a data converter module 5020, a data server 5030, and a readingdevice 5040, and interacts with at least one publisher 5010.

[0347] In FIG. 18, the data server 5030 is a “central” repository of allmagazines that allows the user to retrieve updates or replacement fordamaged media. In addition, the data server 5030 can provide features,like article “page rip-out,” a feature that permits users to get a copyof the article that looks exactly like the article looked when itappeared in the publication (as if the user had been able to rip it outof an actual magazine). The data server 5030 allocates a portion ofstorage space for each respective reader device 5040 to which it sendsinformation. In addition, the data server 5030 stores an exact copy ofeach publication that has been ordered by and/or sent to one of thereader devices 5040.

[0348] When the data server 5030 receives a request from a reader device5040 for a “rip out” of an article page, the data server 5030 transmitsto the allocated storage space the portion of the stored publicationcorresponding to the stored page(s). The user can then use the readerdevice 5040 to communicate with the data server 5030 to tell it whatshould be done with the “ripped out” page(s). For example, the page(s)could be sent to another user, such by electronically mailing itdirectly to the user, posted to a particular WWW site, printed, added toa library of stored articles, and the like.

[0349] The reader device 5040 of FIG. 18 is a device capable of readingthe electronic magazine, such as a computer or a wireless reader device.In the illustrated embodiment, the reader device 5040 is the onlyinterface with the content and data server 5030. The reader device 5040,in at least one embodiment, comprises an electronic device fordisplaying magazine content having two opposing surfaces joined by ahinge, such that the reader can look at two opposing “pages” in a mannersimilar to reading a magazine. The opposing surfaces, in otherembodiments, are connected by other means capable of creating a“magazine-like” feel, such as a spiral edge, flexible brackets, and thelike. To keep the reader device 5040 as small and “magazine like” aspossible, the reader device 5040 is light in weight, less than an inchthick, and has approximately a twelve-inch diagonal screen size, so asto closely replicate an actual magazine in size. This reader device 5040is structured and arranged such that the reading experience feels thesame as printed magazine, with exactly the same text and graphicsappearing on the screen as appear in printed magazines.

[0350] In at least one embodiment of the invention, the reader device5040 provides the following functionality.

[0351] Provides user interaction with enhanced magazine that itdisplays.

[0352] Provides user interaction with the data server 5030.

[0353] Stores electronic magazines and user profile/preferences

[0354] Converts magazine data from stored format to display format

[0355] Communicates with data server 5030 as required

[0356] Monitors user preferences and requests

[0357] Manages power to the device (i.e., can tell the user the statusof the battery)

[0358] In addition, as described more fully herein, the electronicmagazine system 5000 of an embodiment of the invention includesinteractive features to enhance the experience of the user, is capableof downloading information using various techniques, including wirelessand/or cellular techniques, and is capable of storing up to one thousandpages (approximately five magazines). The electronic magazine system ofthis embodiment is, for example, suitable for travelers (both businessand general), is capable of being used under many different lightingconditions, and is small enough to be stored in a briefcase.

[0359] Given the bandwidth constraints in delivering the magazinecontent directly to the reader device 5040 from the data server 5030, atleast one embodiment of the invention seeks to minimize the size of thesize of the magazine file. In one embodiment, the PDF data format isused because of the smaller data files that that result and the superiortext legibility. In some embodiments of the invention, however, otherdata transfer formats, such as JPEG/HTML with no zoom level or with twozoom levels, are usable.

[0360] As explained above, the data converter 5020 converts the magazinecontent into PDF files.

[0361] In another aspect, the electronic magazine system 5000 of thisembodiment of the invention goes beyond the available ROCKET EBOOK andEVERYBOOK products by providing users with the ability to interact withat least a portion of the content appearing in the electronic periodicalbeing viewed. As explained previously, the electronic magazine system5000 of this aspect provides a back-end infrastructure whereby at leasta portion of the content in the periodical and transactions associatedwith the electronic magazine are routed through a centralized dataserver 5030. This routing also permits the user to seamlessly orderproducts and/or services appearing in the magazine (whether appearing inadvertisements or features).

[0362] In one embodiment, this is accomplished by the user's doubletouching (e.g., double clicking) the product or service of interest,which cause a information relating to the product or service for sale toappear on the screen of the wireless reading device (e.g., via a pop-upscreen). The user selects what he or she wishes to order and touches thescreen to at preselected locations on the image (e.g., an “order”button) to submit the order. Then, the reader device 5040 sends theinformation to the data server 5030. The data server 5030 receives theorder from the user and sends the information to the seller (not shownin FIG. 18) so that the seller can fulfill the order. In one embodiment,the data server 5030 receives the order from the user and stores theorder information so that it can later be transmitted to the seller.

[0363] In another embodiment, the data server 5030 monitors informationrelating to orders placed using the reader device 5040 (e.g., whatseller the order corresponds to, what magazine the advertisementappeared in, how many orders resulted from particular advertisements,etc.) In that manner, the sellers and magazine publishers 5010 can learnhow successful their advertisements are, enabling sellers to market moreeffectively and magazine publishers to more accurately price space intheir magazines. This feature also enables the magazine publishers 5010to tailor the advertisements placed in a magazine selectively forspecific subscribers, while still maintaining the rest of the magazinecontent exactly the same as the printed publication counterpart.

[0364] For example, in one embodiment, the data server 5030 tracks theordering habits of subscribers to learn that a particular group ofsubscribers orders a lot of clothing from the magazines that they readbut never orders cosmetics. The magazine publisher 5010, when providedwith this information, provides to the data converter 5020 a “version”of the magazine for this particular group of subscribers, wherein the“version” of the magazine contains ads tailored to the buying habits ofthat group of subscribers. For example, instead of a full-page cosmeticsadvertisement that regularly appears on page 5 of the magazine, thepublisher might instead substitute a different advertisement relating toclothing.

[0365] The above-described process can also work in the reverse. Becausethe reader device 5040 is capable of transmitting information such asuser profiles to the data server 5030 (along with marketing data,requests for information, requests to purchase and/or subscribe tomagazines, etc.), a user can also tell the publisher directly the typeof information in which the user is interested. For example, whenordering a subscription to a magazine, the user can indicate specificareas of interest, the data server 5030 can track and organize thisinformation, and the information can be provided to the magazinepublishers 5010 so that at least a portion of the content (including,but not limited to, advertisements) can be adjusted accordingly.

[0366] The interaction described above is not limited, of course, tocommerce transactions. In one embodiment, the system 5000 permits theuser to touch a portion of a displayed page to get more informationabout a particular topic that is displayed there, or to get informationrelating to related magazines and/or articles relating to the areatouched. This additional information is stored at the data server 5030,can be organized at the data converter 5020 and is linked to as desiredby the user of the reader device 5040.

[0367] The following provides a more detailed description of the readerdevice 5040, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Thereader device 5040 is implemented using a platform such as the Intelx86/PC platform. However, because the reader device 5040 is dedicated toa single function, in this embodiment only a subset of the PC platformis provided. For example, in this embodiment, the printer port, diskdrive, interfaces, audio, mouse, and keyboard functions are notimplemented. However, it should be understood that, as technologicalimprovements enable these functions to be implemented in more compactand/or lightweight ways, any one or more of these features can be addedto the reader device 5040.

[0368]FIG. 19 a block diagram of a reader device 5040, in accordancewith one embodiment of the invention. Note that, although the diagramshows the reader device 5040 coupled to an alternating current (AC)power source, the reader device 5040 can be run off its batterieswithout connecting to AC.

[0369] The display for the reader device 5040 comprises at least one LCDflat panel display, to meet the requirements for small physical volumeand low power. However, the invention is usable with any type oflightweight, low power display. At present, the available displays thatare feasible for a briefcase sized device support a resolution of1024×768 pixels, commonly known as XGA. With these displays, this is theresolution and aspect ratio that bitmap graphics are optimized forduring the PDF generation process. For the best possible viewing angleand color fidelity, this embodiment of the invention uses active-matrixdisplays with backlighting. In another embodiment, given the presence ofthe touch screens, backlighting is increased. As other types oftechnologies, such as plasma technologies, micro-mirrors, arrays oforganic light emitting diodes (LED's), and the like become smaller andless power consuming, screens implemented in accordance with thesetechnologies can be usable in accordance with the invention, as well.

[0370] The interfaces between the reader device 5040 and the data server5030 comprise touch screens and/or ancillary buttons. In one embodimentof the invention, to ensure high resolution when touched by a finger,resistive touch screen technology is used. However, those skilled in theart will recognize that other types of touch screen technology, such ascapacitive, near-field imaging, scanning infrared (IR), surface acousticwave (SAW) and/or strain gauges can be used.

[0371] In one embodiment, the buttons perform functions related more tothe reader device 5040 itself than to the screens, so the buttons areused less often than the touch screen. The buttons can be discretemechanical switches or membrane style switches, either snap-dome orconductive rubber. To keep the reader device 5040 as thin and aslow-cost as possible, the buttons can be made of conductive rubber.

[0372] The PDF data memory can be any type of memory having a goodbalance between low profile, low cost, and best capacity. For example,in one embodiment, the PDF data memory can be any of the following typesof memory: MiniDisc data; Click; Superdisk; 80 mm CD-ROM; Iomega Zip;ATOMlite; IBM Microdrive; MemoryStick; CompactFlash I, CompactFlash II,or ATA flash. Other types and styles of data memory are usable inaccordance with the invention.

[0373] The batteries can be any type of battery having a good balancebetween charge density versus weight and volume. For example, thebatteries can be any of the following types: Lithium Polymer,Lithium-ion, or Nickel Metal Hydride.

[0374] The processor can be any type of processor having a good balancebetween low power, board space, cost, and Intel x86 compatibility, suchas National Semiconductor's Geode family and the Crusoe family. Otherpossibilities for the processor include the Intel North & South Bridgeor the Asilian Technologies LCD Controller.

[0375] The case for the reader device 5040 can be manufactured using anyprocess known to those skilled in the art, such as Thixmolding,injection molding, sheetmetal processing, die casting, and the like.

[0376]FIG. 20 is a visual representation of a reader device 5040implemented in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. In FIG.20, the internal components of the reader device 5040 are visible forillustrative purposes only. As this figure illustrates, the batteries6000 are disposed in an array 20 along the “hinge” or “spine” portion ofthe reader device 5040. A pair of liquid crystal display (LCD) screens6010 is oriented on either side of the battery array 6010. On the otherend of the battery array 6010 is a power socket 6020. Each of the LCDscreens 6010, in one embodiment, is backlit. The reader device 5040 ofthis embodiment also includes a modem 6030, which can be a conventionaltelephonic modem, a cable modem, a cellular modem, and the like.

[0377]FIG. 21 is a block diagram of the organization of the softwarerunning on the reader device 5040, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention. The following set of descriptions illustrates theorganization and structure of the software running on the wirelessreader device, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

[0378] Electronic magazine device Application—Proprietary software thatexecutes the logic necessary to deliver the wireless reader devicefunctions. At its core is the PDF Library licensed from Adobe.

[0379] data Manager—Proprietary software to manage storage and access ofelectronic magazine system data.

[0380] user Interface Manager—Proprietary software that implements thedesired user interaction.

[0381] Power Manager—Proprietary software to manage power from thebattery/charger.

[0382] Communication Manager—Proprietary software to transfer databetween the wireless reader device and the data server 5030.

[0383] Operating System—Linux software to manage the wireless devicereader device resources.

[0384] Device Drivers—COTS and proprietary software to interface withthe wireless device reader hardware.

[0385] Although the reader device 5040 of at least one embodiment is atwo-screen configuration, in another embodiment, the reader device 5040also is implemented as a single screen configuration, such as a tablet.

[0386] A future application of at least one embodiment of the electronicmagazine systems of the invention that are described herein may be in anew wireless LAN technology being developed called Bluetooth. Thistechnology is targeted at smaller, personal networks. These networkstypically operate at 1 Mbps and only cover about a 10 m radius area. Theimpact of Bluetooth will be in the constant connectivity of devices in aroom. However, because the nodes are small and stationary, the impact ondata transfers while the user is in transit will be minimal. While at alocation, Bluetooth may be adequate for magazine updates. A competingstandard with similar characteristics is also being developed calledHomeRF.

[0387] For at least one embodiment of the electronic magazine systemdescribed herein, the wireless WAN improvements will have the greatestimpact, with cellular likely to be the greatest contributor. Aconvergence between North American and global standards is expected.Japan is leading the way as a test bed for such 3 G (third generation)technologies, which rely heavily on an evolving set of technologiescalled W-CDMA (wideband Code Division Multiple Access). By the year2003, the data rate is expected to be about 2 Mbps.

[0388] As those skilled in the art will recognize, the inventiondescribed herein can be modified to accommodate and/or comply with anyone or more of the above-described technologies and standards. Inaddition, variations, modifications, and other implementations of whatis described herein can occur to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention asclaimed.

[0389] It should be understood that, in the Figures of this application,in some instances, a plurality of system elements or method steps may beshown as illustrative of a particular system element, and a singlesystem element or method step may be shown as illustrative of aplurality of a particular systems elements or method steps. It should beunderstood that showing a plurality of a particular element or step isnot intended to imply that a system or method implemented in accordancewith the invention must comprise more than one of that element or step,nor is it intended by illustrating a single element or step that theinvention is limited to embodiments having only a single one of thatrespective elements or steps. In addition, the total number of elementsor steps shown for a particular system element or method is not intendedto be limiting; those skilled in the art will recognize that the numberof a particular system element or method steps can, in some instances,be selected to accommodate the particular user needs.

[0390] It also should be noted that the previous illustrations of screenshots, together with the accompanying descriptions, are provided by wayof example only and are not limiting. Those skilled in the art willrecognize that many different designs of interfaces, screen shots,navigation patterns, and the like, are within the spirit and scope ofthe invention.

[0391] Although the invention has been described and pictured in apreferred form with a certain degree of particularity, it is understoodthat the present disclosure of the preferred form, has been made only byway of example, and that numerous changes in the details of constructionand combination and arrangement of parts may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.

1. A system for distributing an electronic version of a printed documentcomprising: a memory device storing at least one electronic documentfile that is based at least in part on a source electronic documentprovided by a content provider, wherein the source electronic documentis an electronic version of a printed document; a distribution system inoperable communication with the memory device, the distribution systemprogrammed for: responding to requests from a client for delivery of anelectronic document file; retrieving a copy of the requested electronicdocument file from the memory device; assigning at least one right tothe copy of the electronic document file, the right defining the atleast one action capable of being performed on at least a portion of thecopy of the electronic document file; encrypting the copy of theelectronic document file with a key based at least in part on theidentity of the client and on the at least one right; and providing theencrypted copy of the electronic document file, with the associated key,to the client.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the at least one rightdefines the scope of the action capable of being performed.
 3. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the at least one right defines who is able toperform the at least one action.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein theat least one right relates to at least one action capable of beingperformed by the client receiving the copy of the electronic documentfile.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one right relatesto at least one action capable of being performed by a client other thanthe client receiving the copy of the electronic document file.
 6. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the at least one action includes at least oneof the following actions: annotating, copying, printing, forwarding,editing, highlighting, tabbing, storing, and making at least a portionof the electronic document file available to another client.
 7. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein the electronic document file stored in thememory device includes at least one element that was not present in atleast one of the printed document and the source electronic document. 8.The system of claim 7, wherein the at least one element comprises anelement capable of providing additional information to the client. 9.The system of claim 7, wherein the at least one element comprises a linkenabling the client to communicate with the distribution system.
 10. Thesystem of claim 7, wherein the at least one element comprises at leastone element selected from the group consisting of audio information,video information, textual information, graphic information, and linksto locations on a computer network.
 11. The system of claim 1 furthercomprising a conversion module in operable communication with the memorydevice, the conversion module transforming the source electronicdocument into the electronic document file.
 12. The system of claim 11wherein the conversion module transforms the source electronic documentinto the electronic document file by adding to the source electronicdocument an element not present in the source electronic document. 13.The system of claim 12, wherein the conversion module transforms thesource electronic document into the electronic document file bysearching the contents of the source electronic file for a predeterminedelement and creating a link to another file based at least in part onthe predetermined element.
 14. The system of claim 12 wherein theconversion module transforms the source electronic document into theelectronic document file by creating at least one link in the electronicdocument file in response to an instruction specifying the at least onelink to be created in the electronic document file.
 15. The system ofclaim 14 wherein the instruction defines at least one of the location ofthe link, the target of the link, and the data associated with the link.16. The system of claim 1, wherein the distribution system is furtherprogrammed for receiving payment information for paying for theelectronic document file.
 17. The system of claim 1, wherein thedistribution system is further programmed for receiving informationrelating to the usage of the electronic document file.
 18. The system ofclaim 17 wherein the distribution system is further programmed forreceiving information from the client relating to usage of theelectronic document file.
 19. The system of claim 17 wherein thedistribution system is further programmed for receiving informationrelating to the client's usage of the electronic document file.
 20. Thesystem of claim 17 wherein the information relating to usage of theelectronic document file includes information relating to at least oneof the group consisting of readership of at least a portion of theelectronic document file, at least one link visited by a user of theelectronic document file, demographic information about at least oneuser of the electronic document file, and the passing along of at leasta portion of the electronic document file from a first client to asecond client.
 21. The system of claim 1, wherein the distributionsystem is programmed to generate a report about the client's usage ofthe electronic document file.
 22. The system of claim 1, wherein theaction is selected from the group consisting of transmitting a copy ofat least a portion of the electronic document file to another client,transmitting at least a portion of the actual electronic document fileto another client, removing at least a portion of the electronicdocument file, annotating at least a portion of the electronic documentfile, and permitting another client to access at least a portion of theelectronic document file.
 23. The system of claim 1 wherein theelectronic document file includes information relating to an item that aclient can obtain by sending a request to the system.
 24. The system ofclaim 23 wherein the electronic document file includes at least one linkenabling the client to send a request for the item to an entity capableof arranging the fulfillment of the request.
 25. The system of claim 24wherein the request is a purchase request.
 26. The system of claim 1wherein the electronic document file comprises a document selected fromthe group consisting of written document, periodical, magazine,newspaper, journal, catalog, brochure, manual, book, text, handbook,booklet, workbook, newsletter, almanac, yearbook, paper, andencyclopedia.
 27. The system of claim 1, further comprising a readermodule in operable communication with the distribution system, thereader module programmed for: receiving the electronic document file;displaying the electronic document file to the user; and permitting userinteraction with the electronic document file in accordance with the atleast one right.
 28. The system of claim 27 wherein the reader moduledisplays the electronic document file to a user so that the electronicdocument file appears, to the user, the same as the printed document.29. A method for viewing electronic documents, comprising: sending arequest for an electronic document file to a server, the requestassociated with a given user; receiving an electronic document file, theelectronic document file encrypted by a key uniquely associated with theuser, wherein the key is associated with at least one right defining anaction capable of being performed on the electronic document file;displaying the electronic document file to the user; and permittinginteraction with the electronic document file in accordance with the atleast one right.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the step ofpermitting user interaction with the electronic document file comprisestreating facing pages of document as single page for the purposesperforming operations on the page.
 31. The method of claim 29 furthercomprising the step of recording information relating to usage of theelectronic document file.
 32. The method of claim 29 further comprisingthe step of providing the recorded information relating to the usage ofthe electronic document file to another entity.
 33. The method of claim29 wherein the step of recording information further comprises recordinginformation relating to the readership of at least a portion of theelectronic document file.
 35. The method of claim 20 wherein the step ofrecording information further comprises recording information relatingto a first user's passing along of at least a portion of the electronicdocument file to a second user.
 36. The method of claim 29 wherein thestep of displaying the electronic document file further comprisesenabling the user to request an item referred to in the electronicdocument file.
 37. The method of claim 36 further comprising the step ofsending the request for the item to an entity capable of arranging thefulfillment of the request.
 38. The method of claim 36 wherein therequest is a purchase request.
 39. The method of claim 29 furthercomprising the step of displaying an electronic document file containingat least one element capable of providing additional information outsideof the electronic document file to the user.
 40. The method of claim 29wherein the step of displaying an electronic document file containing atleast on element further comprises displaying at least one element fromthe group consisting of audio information, video information, textualinformation, graphic information, and links to locations on a computernetwork.
 41. The method of claim 29 further comprising the step ofdisplaying an animated image when an action is performed on theelectronic document file.
 42. The method of claim 29 wherein the step ofdisplaying an animated image occurs when at least one of the followingactions occurs: turning a page, clipping a page, annotating a page,zooming in on a page, and zooming out on a page.
 43. The method of claim29 further comprising the step of storing at least one electronicdocument file obtained by a user.
 44. The method of claim 29 furthercomprising the step of displaying information relating to at least oneelectronic document file that a user can obtain.
 45. The method of claim44 wherein the step of displaying information relating to the at leastone electronic document file that a user can obtain comprises displayinga representation of a newsstand.
 46. The method of claim 1, wherein thestep of displaying an electronic document file further comprisesdisplaying at least one of the following: printed document, periodical,magazine, newspaper, journal, catalog, brochure, manual, book, text,handbook, booklet, workbook, newsletter, almanac, yearbook, paper, andencyclopedia.
 47. A system for distributing an electronic version of aprinted document, comprising: means for storing at least one electronicdocument file, the electronic document file being based at least in parton a source electronic document provided by a content provider, wherethe source electronic document is an electronic version of a printeddocument; means for receiving a request for a copy of the electronicdocument file from a client; means for encrypting a copy of theelectronic document file with a key defining at least one rightassociated with the client that sent the request, the means forencrypting being in operable communication with the means for storingand the means for receiving, wherein the right defines at least oneaction capable of being performed on at least a portion of the copy ofthe electronic document file; a means for distributing the electronicdocument file in communication with the means for encrypting, the meansfor distributing providing a copy of the encrypted electronic documentfile and the key to the client requesting a copy of the electronicdocument file
 48. The system of claim 47 further comprising a means forconverting the source electronic document into an electronic documentfile.
 49. The system of claim 47 further comprising a means for readingthe electronic document file.